| | 宣張二王... : |
宣秉字巨公，馮翊雲陽人也。少修高節，顯名三輔。哀、平際，見王氏據權專政，侵削宗室，有逆亂萌，遂隱遁深山，州郡連召，常稱疾不仕。王莽為宰衡，辟命不應。及莽篡位，又遣使者徵之，秉固稱疾病。更始即位，徵為侍中。建武元年，拜御史中丞。光武特詔御史中丞與司隸校尉、尚書令會同並專席而坐，故京師號曰「三獨坐」。明年，遷司隸校尉。務舉大綱，簡略苛細，百僚敬之。 |
| | Xuan Bing, courtesy name Jugong, was a native of Yunyang, Fengyi. He cultivated lofty virtue from an early age and became well known in the Three Fu regions. During the reigns of Emperor Ai and Emperor Ping, he observed that the Wang clan had seized power and monopolized authority, encroaching upon and diminishing the royal family. Seeing signs of rebellion and disorder emerging, he therefore retreated into the mountains to live in seclusion. Although local officials repeatedly invited him to take office, he always claimed illness and refused government service. When Wang Mang became Tsaiheng (a high official title), he was summoned by imperial decree but did not respond to the appointment. When Wang Mang usurped the throne, he again sent envoys to summon him, but Xuan Bing firmly claimed illness and declined. After Gengshi ascended the throne, Xuan Bing was summoned to serve as Shizhong (Attendant-in-Ordinary). In the first year of Jianwu era, he was appointed Zhongcheng of the Yushi (Vice Censor-in-Chief). Emperor Guangwu specially issued an edict that the Zhongcheng of Yushi, together with the Sili Jiaoyi (Inspector General) and Shangshu Ling (Minister of the Secretariat), should sit separately on special seats during official meetings. Thus, the capital city referred to them as the "Three Sole Seaters." The following year, he was promoted to Sili Jiaoyi. He focused on the major principles and omitted trivialities and strictness, earning respect from all government officials.
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| | 宣張二王... : |
秉性節約，常服布被，蔬食瓦器。帝嘗幸其府舍，見而歎曰：「楚國二龔，不如雲陽宣巨公。」即賜布帛帳帷什物。四年，拜大司徒司直。所得祿奉，輒以收養親族。其孤弱者，分與田地，自無擔石之儲。六年，卒於官，帝敏惜之，除子彪為郎。 |
| | Xuan Bing was by nature frugal; he often wore cloth robes and slept under a coarse blanket, ate simple vegetarian meals, and used earthenware. The emperor once visited his residence and, upon seeing this, sighed and said, "Two Gongs of Chu State are not as virtuous as Xuan Jugong from Yunyang." He immediately bestowed cloth, silk, tent canopies, and other items upon him. In the fourth year [of his reign], he was appointed Da Situ Sizhi (a high-ranking official in the Grand Commandant of Works). The salary and stipend he received, he would always use to support and provide for his relatives. For those among them who were orphans or weak, he distributed land to them; as a result, he himself had no more than a few dan of grain stored. In the sixth year [of his reign], Xuan Bing died in office; the emperor felt deep regret and sorrow for him, and appointed his son Biao as Lang (a junior official).
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| | 宣張二王... : |
張湛字子孝，扶風平陵人也。矜嚴好禮，動止有則，居處幽室，必自修整，雖遇妻子，若嚴君焉。及在鄉黨，詳言正色，三輔以為儀表。人或謂湛偽詐，湛聞而笑曰：「我誠詐也。人皆詐惡，我獨詐善，不亦可乎？」 |
| | Zhang Zhan, courtesy name Zixiao, was a native of Pingling, Fufeng. He was dignified and strict in observing propriety; his every action followed established norms. Even when staying in a quiet room, he always maintained self-discipline and tidiness. Even with his wife and children, he behaved as if they were before a stern ruler. When among his fellow townspeople, he spoke carefully and maintained a serious demeanor; the Three Fu regions regarded him as a model of conduct. Some people said that Zhang Zhan was insincere and deceptive, but upon hearing this, he smiled and said, "I am indeed a deceiver. While others deceive for evil, I alone deceive for good—would that not be acceptable?"
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| | 宣張二王... : |
成哀閒，為二千石。王莽時，歷太守、都尉。 |
| | During the reigns of Emperors Cheng and Ai, he served as an Erqianshi (an official with a salary rank of 2000 dou). During the time of Wang Mang, he held successive posts as Taishou (Governor) and Duyi (Commander).
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| | 宣張二王... : |
建武初，為左馮翊。在郡修典禮，設條教，政化大行。後告歸平陵，望寺門而步。主簿進曰：「明府位尊德重，不宜自輕。」湛曰：「禮，下公門，軾輅馬。孔子於鄉黨，恂恂如也。父母之國，所宜盡禮，何謂輕哉？」 |
| | In the early years of the Jianwu era, he served as Zuo Fengyi. While in office, he restored traditional rites and established regulations for instruction; his administration brought about widespread moral transformation. Later, when returning to Pingling on leave, he walked toward the temple gate with reverence. The Zhubu (a subordinate official) said, "Your Honor holds a high position and great virtue; you should not demean yourself." Zhang Zhan replied, "According to the rites, when passing under the gate of an official residence, one must lower the carriage and dismount from the horse. Confucius was always respectful and courteous among his fellow townspeople." "This is the land of my parents; it is precisely where I should observe all rites. How can this be considered demeaning?"
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| | 宣張二王... : |
五年，拜光祿勳。光武臨朝，或有惰容，湛輒陳諫其失。常乘白馬，帝每見湛，輒言「白馬生且復諫矣」。 |
| | In the fifth year [of the reign], he was appointed Guanglu Xun (an official in charge of ceremonies and honors). When Emperor Guangwu presided over court sessions, if he showed signs of laxity or negligence, Zhang Zhan would immediately advise and remonstrate against such behavior. He often rode a white horse; whenever the emperor saw him, he would say, "The White Horse Youth is about to remonstrate again."
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| | 宣張二王... : |
七年，以病乞身，拜光祿大夫，代王丹為太子太傅。及郭后廢，因稱疾不朝，拜太中大夫，居中東門候舍，故時人號曰中東門君。帝數存問賞賜。後大司徒戴涉被誅，帝彊起湛以代之。湛至朝堂，遺失溲便，因自陳疾篤，不能復任朝事，遂罷之。後數年，卒於家。 |
| | In the seventh year [of his reign], due to illness, he requested retirement from office. He was then appointed Guanglu Daifu (a high honorific title) and succeeded Wang Dan as Taizi Taifu (Grand Tutor to the Crown Prince). When Empress Guo was deposed, he claimed illness and ceased attending court sessions. He was then appointed Taizhong Dafu (a high-ranking official title) and assigned to reside at the Zhongdongmen Hou She (the waiting quarters of the Middle East Gate). Thus, people at that time referred to him as "Jun of the Middle East Gate." The emperor frequently inquired after his well-being and bestowed rewards. Later, when Da Situ Dai She was executed, the emperor insisted on recalling Zhang Zhan to succeed him in office. When Zhang Zhan arrived at the court hall, he lost control of his bladder and bowels. He then explained that his illness was severe and that he could no longer serve in official duties; thus, he was dismissed from office. Several years later, he died at home.
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| | 宣張二王... : |
王丹字仲回，京兆下邽人也。哀、平時，仕州郡。王莽時，連徵不至。家累千金，隱居養志，好施周急。每歲農時，輒載酒肴於田閒，候勤者而勞之。其墯编者，恥不致丹，皆兼功自厲。邑聚相率，以致殷富。其輕黠游蕩廢業為患者，輒曉其父兄，使黜責之。沒者則賻給，親自將護。其有遭喪憂者，輒待丹為辦，鄉鄰以為常。行之十餘年，其化大洽，風俗以篤。 |
| | Wang Dan, courtesy name Zhonghui, was a native of Xiaogui, Jingzhao. During the reigns of Emperors Ai and Ping, he served in local government offices at the state and commandery levels. During Wang Mang's time, he was repeatedly summoned to take office but did not go. His family had accumulated thousands of gold pieces in wealth, yet he lived in seclusion and cultivated his aspirations, enjoying giving to others and providing timely assistance. Every year during the farming season, he would carry wine and delicacies into the fields and wait to reward those who worked diligently. Those who were lazy or careless felt ashamed not to be seen by Wang Dan, so they all doubled their efforts and spurred themselves on. The local communities followed his example, leading the region to prosperity and wealth. For those who were frivolous, cunning, or idle and neglected their duties, causing harm, he would inform their fathers and elder brothers, urging them to reprimand and discipline the offenders. For those who died in poverty, he provided funeral expenses and personally oversaw their care. Those who encountered mourning or distress would always wait for Wang Dan to assist in handling the affairs; this became a common practice among his neighbors. This continued for more than ten years, and as a result, moral influence spread widely, making the local customs sincere and upright.
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| | 宣張二王... : |
丹資性方絜，疾惡彊豪。時河南太守同郡陳遵，關西之大俠也。其友人喪親，遵為護喪事，賻助甚豐。丹乃懷縑一匹，陳之於主人前，曰：「如丹此縑，出自機杼。」遵聞而有慚色。自以知名，欲結交於丹，丹拒而不許。 |
| | Wang Dan was by nature upright and incorruptible; he detested evildoers and powerful bullies. At that time, Chen Zun, the Taishou of Henan Prefecture, was from the same native district as Wang Dan and was a great chivalrous figure in Guanxi. When one of his friends lost a parent, Chen Zun took charge of the funeral arrangements and provided generous financial assistance. Wang Dan then carried a single bolt of silk, presented it before the host, and said, "This piece of silk from me was woven by my own loom." Chen Zun heard this and felt ashamed. Thinking himself well known, Chen Zun wished to form a friendship with Wang Dan, but Wang Dan refused his request.
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| | 宣張二王... : |
會前將軍鄧禹西征關中，軍糧乏，丹率宗族上麥一千斛。禹表丹領左馮翊，稱疾不視事，免歸。後徵為太子少傅。 |
| | When General Deng Yu, former general of the imperial army, launched a western campaign in Guanzhong and his troops ran short of provisions, Wang Dan led his clan to donate one qianhu (10,000 sheng) of wheat. Deng Yu recommended Wang Dan for the post of Zuo Fengyi, but Wang Dan claimed illness and did not assume office; he was therefore dismissed from service and returned home. Later, he was summoned to serve as Taizi Shaofu (Deputy Tutor to the Crown Prince).
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| | 宣張二王... : |
時大司徒侯霸欲與交友，及丹被徵，遣子昱候於道。昱迎拜車下，丹下荅之。昱曰：「家公欲與君結交，何為見拜？」丹曰：「君房有是言，丹未之許也。」 |
| | At that time, Da Situ Hou Ba wished to befriend him. When Wang Dan was summoned for office, he sent his son Yu to await him on the road. Yu bowed before the carriage, and Wang Dan stepped down from it to return the courtesy. Yu said, "My father wishes to befriend you; why do you bow to me?" Wang Dan replied, "Your family made such a statement, but I have not agreed to it."
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| | 宣張二王... : |
丹子有同門生喪親，家在中山，白丹欲往奔慰。結侶將行，丹怒而撻之，令寄縑以祠焉。或問其故。丹曰：「交道之難，未易言也。世稱管、鮑，次則王、貢。張、陳凶其終，蕭、朱隙其末，故知全之者鮮矣。」時人服其言。 |
| | When one of Wang Dan's sons lost his fellow student and classmate whose family lived in Zhongshan, he informed Wang Dan that he wished to go there to console them. As the son was preparing a group of companions and about to set out, Wang Dan became angry and beat him, ordering instead that silk be sent as an offering for mourning rites. Someone asked why he did this. Wang Dan said, "The difficulty of maintaining proper relationships is not easy to explain. The world speaks highly of Guan Zhong and Bao Shu; next in line are Wang Bo and Gong Yu. Zhang Liang and Chen Ping ended their lives with misfortune, while Xiao He and Zhu Fu had conflicts in the end; thus it is known that few can maintain such relationships perfectly." People at the time respected his words.
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| | 宣張二王... : |
客初有薦士於丹者，因選舉之，而後所舉者陷罪，丹坐以免。客慚懼自絕，而丹終無所言。尋復徵為太子太傅，乃呼客謂曰：「子之自絕，何量丹之薄也？」不為設食以罰之，相待如舊。其後遜位，卒于家。 |
| | At one time, a guest recommended a scholar to Wang Dan; he then selected and promoted him. Later, the person he had recommended was implicated in crimes, and as a result of this, Wang Dan was dismissed from office due to his responsibility. The guest felt ashamed and fearful, and cut off all contact with him, but Wang Dan never said a word about it. Soon afterward, he was again summoned to serve as Taizi Taifu. He then called the guest and said, "Your self-imposed severance of contact shows how little you have estimated my character!" He did not prepare a meal for him as a form of gentle punishment but treated him just as before. Later, he resigned from office and died at home.
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| | 宣張二王... : |
王良字仲子，東海蘭陵人也。少好學，習小夏侯尚書。王莽時，寑病不仕，教授諸生千餘人。 |
| | Wang Liang, courtesy name Zhongzi, was a native of Lanling, Donghai. From an early age he loved learning and studied the Book of Documents according to the Xiaohou school of interpretation. During Wang Mang's reign, he feigned illness and refused government office, instead teaching more than a thousand students.
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| | 宣張二王... : |
建武二年，大司馬吳漢辟，大應。三年，徵拜諫議大夫，數有忠言，以禮進止，朝廷敬之。遷沛郡太守。至蘄縣，稱病不之府，官屬皆隨就之，良遂上疾篤，乞骸骨，徵拜太中大夫。 |
| | In the second year of the Jianwu era (26 AD), Da Sima Wu Han summoned him to office, and he accepted the appointment. In the third year (27 AD), he was summoned and appointed as Jianyi Dafu (Officer of Counsel). He frequently offered loyal advice, always acting in accordance with propriety; thus, the court respected him. He was later promoted to Taishou of Pei Jun. When he arrived at Qixian, he claimed illness and did not proceed to the government office. All his subordinates followed him there; Wang Liang then submitted a request stating that his illness was serious and asked for retirement on health grounds. He was summoned again and appointed as Taizhong Dafu.
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| | 宣張二王... : |
六年，代宣秉為大司徒司直。在位恭儉，妻子不入官舍，布被瓦器。時司徒史鮑恢以事到東海，過候其家，而良妻布裙曳柴，從田中歸。恢告曰：「我司徒史也，故來受書，欲見夫人。」妻曰：「妾是也。苦掾，無書。」恢乃下拜，歎息而還，聞者莫不嘉之。 |
| | In the sixth year (30 AD), he succeeded Xuan Bing as Da Situ Sizhi. While in office, he was respectful and frugal; his wife and children did not reside in the official residence, and they used only coarse blankets and earthenware. At that time, Situ Shi Bao Hui came to Donghai on official business and visited Wang Liang's home. Wang Liang's wife was wearing a coarse hemp skirt and dragging firewood, returning from the fields. Hui informed her, "I am Shi Bao Hui, an official of the Situ office; I have come to receive documents and wished to see Madam." His wife said, "I am she. There is no official here, and there are no documents." Hui then bowed to her and sighed as he returned. Those who heard of this incident all praised her highly.
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| | 宣張二王... : |
後以病歸。一歲復徵，至滎陽，疾篤不任進道，乃過其友人。友人不肯見，曰：「不有忠言奇謀而取大位，何其往來屑屑不憚煩也？」遂拒之。良慚，自後連徵，輒稱病。詔以玄纁聘之，遂不應。後光武幸蘭陵，遣使者問良所苦疾，不能言對。詔復其子孫邑中傜役，卒於家。 |
| | Later, due to illness, he retired from office. A year later, he was summoned again for office; when he reached Yingyang, his illness worsened and he could no longer continue on the journey. He therefore visited a friend. The friend refused to see him, saying, "If you have no loyal advice or extraordinary strategies and yet hold a high position, why do you keep coming and going so busily without tiring of the trouble?" He thus refused to meet with him. Wang Liang felt ashamed, and from then on, whenever he was summoned for office again, he would claim illness instead. An imperial edict offered him an official appointment with the traditional black and red silk (xuan xun), but he did not respond to it. Later, Emperor Guangwu visited Lanling and sent envoys to inquire about Wang Liang's illness; however, he was unable to respond. The emperor issued an edict exempting his descendants from corvée labor in their native district, and Wang Liang died at home.
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| | 宣張二王... : |
論曰：夫利仁者或借仁以從利，體義者不期體以合義。季文子妾不衣帛，魯人以為美談。公孫弘身服布被，汲黯譏其多詐。事實未殊而譽毀別議。何也？將體之與利之異乎？宣秉、王良處位優重，而秉甘疏薄，良妻荷薪，可謂行過乎儉。然當世咨其清，人君高其節，豈非臨之以誠哉！語曰：『同言而信，則信在言前；同令而行，則誠在令外。』不其然乎！張湛不屑矜偽之誚，斯不偽矣。王丹難於交執之道，斯知交矣。 |
| | Commentary: Those who pursue profit while claiming to be benevolent may use benevolence as a means to achieve their own interests; those who embody righteousness do so naturally, without seeking to conform to it for any purpose. Ji Wenzix's concubines did not wear silk garments; the people of Lu regarded this as a praiseworthy tale. Gongsun Hong wore coarse cloth and slept on a simple quilt, yet Ji An mocked him for being deceitful. The facts were not essentially different, yet praise and criticism arose from differing opinions. Why was this so? Was it because of a difference between embodying virtue and pursuing personal gain? Xuan Bing and Wang Liang held positions of great honor and importance, yet Bing was content with a simple and modest life, while the wife of Wang Liang carried firewood. One might say their conduct went beyond mere frugality. However, in their time, people admired their integrity, and the ruler held their virtue in high esteem—was this not because they faced others with sincerity! The saying goes: "When words are spoken and believed, it is because trust has been established before the words were even spoken; when orders are followed, it is because sincerity exists beyond the command itself." Is this not indeed true! Zhang Zhan, who did not care for the censure of pretending to be virtuous, was thus free from pretense. Wang Dan found it difficult to maintain the path of firm friendship; this shows that he truly understood how to make friends.
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| | 宣張二王... : |
杜林字伯山，扶風茂陵人也。父鄴，成哀閒為涼州刺史。林少好學沈深，家既多書，又外氏張竦父子喜文采，林從竦受學，博洽多聞，時稱通儒。 |
| | Du Lin, courtesy name Boshan, was a native of Maoling, Fufeng. His father Du Ye served as the governor of Liangzhou during the reigns of Emperor Cheng and Emperor Ai. From a young age, Du Lin was fond of learning and had an inquisitive mind. His family possessed many books, and his maternal uncles, the Zhang Song father and son, were fond of literature; Du Lin studied under Zhang Song, becoming broadly knowledgeable and well-informed. At that time, he was regarded as a learned scholar.
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| | 宣張二王... : |
初為郡吏。王莽敗，盜賊起，林與弟成及同郡范逡、孟冀等，將細弱俱客河西。道逢賊數千人，遂掠取財担，褫奪衣服，拔刃向林等將欲殺之。冀仰曰：「願一言而死。將軍知天神乎？赤眉兵眾百萬，所向無前，而殘賊不道，卒至破敗。今將軍以數千之眾，欲規霸王之事，不行仁恩而反遵覆車，不畏天乎？」賊遂釋之，俱免於難。 |
| | Initially, he served as an official in the commandery. After Wang Mang's downfall, bandits rose up; Du Lin and his younger brother Cheng, along with their fellow native Fan Qun, Meng Ji, and others, took their dependents and went to settle in the western Hexi region. On the way, they encountered several thousand bandits who seized their belongings and stripped them of their clothes. The bandits drew their swords toward Du Lin and others, intending to kill them. Meng Ji looked up and said, "I wish to speak one word before I die. Do you know the gods of Heaven?" The Chimei rebels had a force of over one million, and wherever they went, there was no resistance. Yet because they were cruel and lawless, they ultimately suffered defeat. Now, with merely thousands of men, you wish to achieve the feats of a king or warlord. Without practicing benevolence and grace, yet following in the footsteps of failure—do you not fear Heaven?" The bandits then released them, and all were saved from disaster.
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| | 宣張二王... : |
隗囂素聞林志節，深相敬待，以為持書平。後因疾告去，辭還祿食。囂復欲令彊起，遂稱篤。囂意雖相望，且欲優容之，乃出令曰：「杜伯山天子所不能臣，諸侯所不能友，蓋伯夷、叔齊恥食周粟。今且從師友之位，須道開通，使順所志。」林雖拘於囂，而終不屈節。建武六年，弟成物故，囂乃聽林持喪東歸。既遣而悔，追令刺客楊賢於隴坻遮殺之。賢見林身推鹿車，載致弟喪，乃歎曰：「當今之世，誰能行義？我雖小人，何忍殺義士！」因亡去。 |
| | Wei Xiao had long heard of Du Lin's loyalty and integrity, and treated him with great respect, appointing him as a clerk in charge of official documents. Later, due to illness he requested leave from office and returned his salary and food allowance. Wei Xiao wished to have him return despite his condition, but Du Lin claimed that his illness had worsened. Although Wei Xiao felt some disappointment, he still wished to show leniency and issued an order: "Du Boshan is a man whom the Son of Heaven could not make his subject, nor could feudal lords befriend. This is akin to how Bo Yi and Shu Qi were ashamed to accept grain from the Zhou dynasty. For now, he shall hold a position as a teacher or friend; we must wait until the path is clear before allowing him to follow his aspirations." Although Du Lin was constrained by Wei Xiao, he ultimately did not compromise his principles. In the sixth year of the Jianwu era (29 AD), when Du Lin's younger brother Cheng died, Wei Xiao finally allowed Du Lin to return eastward to mourn. After sending him off, Wei Xiao regretted his decision and ordered the assassin Yang Xian to intercept and kill Du Lin at Longchi. Yang Xian saw Du Lin pushing a deer cart, carrying his brother's coffin, and sighed, saying, "In this age of today, who can truly practice righteousness? Though I am but a lowly man, how could I bear to kill a righteous man!" He therefore fled away.
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| | 宣張二王... : |
光武聞林已還三輔，乃徵拜侍御史，引見，問以經書故舊及西州事，甚悅之，賜車馬衣被。群寮知林以名德用，甚尊憚之。京師士大夫，咸推其博洽。 |
| | Emperor Guangwu learned that Du Lin had already returned to the Three Fu regions, and summoned him for appointment as a Shiyushi (Attendant Official). Upon receiving an audience, he asked about classical texts, old acquaintances, and affairs in the Western States. He was very pleased with Du Lin's responses and bestowed on him carriages, horses, clothing, and quilts. The officials knew that Du Lin had been appointed due to his reputation for virtue, and they held him in great respect and awe. Scholars and gentlemen of the capital all admired his breadth of knowledge and erudition.
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河南鄭興、東海衛宏等，皆長於古學。興嘗師事劉歆，林既遇之，欣然言曰：「林得興等固諧矣，使宏得林，且有以益之。」及宏見林，闇然而服。濟南徐巡，始師事宏，後皆更受林學。林前於西州得漆書古文尚書一卷，常寶愛之，雖遭難困，握持不離身。出以示宏等曰：「林流離兵亂，常恐斯經將絕。何意東海衛子、濟南徐生復能傳之，是道竟不墜於地也。古文雖不合時務，然願諸生無悔所學。」宏、巡益重之，於是古文遂行。 |
| | Such as Zheng Xing from Henan and Wei Hong from Donghai, were all experts in ancient learning. Zheng Xing had once studied under Liu Xin. After Du Lin met him, he happily remarked, "Du Lin's meeting with Zheng Xing is indeed harmonious; if Wei Hong could also meet Du Lin, there would certainly be much to benefit from it." When Wei Hong met Du Lin, he was deeply impressed and submitted himself in admiration. Ju Nan Xu Xun had initially studied under Wei Hong, but later changed to study Du Lin's teachings instead. Before arriving in the Western States, Du Lin had obtained a scroll of the ancient text version of the Book of Documents written on lacquered bamboo slips. He always cherished it dearly; even during times of hardship and danger, he never let go of it for an instant. He showed it to Wei Hong and others, saying, "Du Lin has wandered through war and chaos; I have always feared that this classic might be lost. Who would have thought that Wei Zizi from Donghai and Xu Sheng from Ju Nan could once again transmit it? Thus, the Way will not finally fall to the ground after all." Although the ancient texts may not align with current practical concerns, I hope you young scholars do not regret what you have learned." Wei Hong and Xu Xun valued him even more highly as a result; thus, the ancient texts gained wider acceptance.
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明年，大議郊祀制，多以為周郊后稷，漢當祀堯。詔復下公卿議，議者僉同，帝亦然之。林獨以為周室之興，祚由后稷，漢業特起，功不緣堯。祖宗故事，所宜因循。定從林議。 |
| | The following year, there was a major discussion on the system of sacrificial rites at the outer altar (jiao si). Many believed that the Zhou dynasty sacrificed to Houji, and thus the Han should sacrifice to Yao. The emperor issued an imperial edict for the Grand Commanders and Ministers to deliberate further; those who deliberated all agreed, and the emperor also accepted their opinion. Alone among them, Du Lin believed that the rise of the Zhou dynasty was due to Houji's blessing, but the Han dynasty had risen uniquely on its own merit and did not derive its legitimacy from Yao. The traditions and precedents of our ancestors are what we should follow. In the end, they decided to adopt Du Lin's opinion.
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後代王良為大司徒司直。林薦同郡范逡、趙秉、申屠剛及隴西牛邯等，皆被擢用，士多歸之。十一年，司直官罷，以林代郭憲為光祿勳。內奉宿衛，外總三署，周密敬慎，選舉稱平。郎有好學者，輒見誘進，朝夕滿堂。 |
| | Later, Wang Liang was appointed as Da Situ Sizhi (Grand Commandant of Justice). Du Lin recommended his fellow native Fan Qun, Zhao Bing, Shentu Gang, and Niuhan from Longxi, among others; they were all promoted to office, and many scholars came under his influence. In the eleventh year (34 AD), the position of Sizhi was abolished, and Du Lin succeeded Guo Xian as Guanglu Xun. Internally, he oversaw the imperial guards; externally, he managed the three departments. He was meticulous and cautious in his duties, and fair and impartial in personnel appointments. Whenever there were young officials who loved learning, he would encourage and guide them; as a result, his hall was always filled with scholars from morning to night.
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十四年，群臣上言：「古者肉刑嚴重，則人畏法令；今憲律輕薄，故姦軌不勝。宜增科禁，以防其源。」詔下公卿。林奏曰：「夫人情挫辱，則義節之風損；法防繁多，則苟免之行興。孔子曰：『導之以政，齊之以刑，民免而無恥。導之以德，齊之以禮，有恥且格。』古之明王，深識遠慮，動居其厚，不務多辟，周之五刑，不過三千。大漢初興，詳覽失得，故破矩為圓，斲彫為樸，蠲除苛政，更立疏網，海內歡欣，人懷寬德。及至其後，漸以滋章，吹毛索疵，詆欺無限。果桃菜茹之饋，集以成臧，小事無妨於義，以為大戮，故國無廉士，家無完行。至於法不能禁，令不能止，上下相遁，為敝彌深。臣愚以為宜如舊制，不合翻移。」帝從之。 |
| | In the fourteenth year (37 AD), officials submitted a proposal: "In ancient times, corporal punishment was severe and strict, so people feared laws and decrees; now that the legal code is lenient and lax, therefore lawlessness cannot be controlled. We should add more regulations and prohibitions to prevent such problems at their source." The emperor issued an edict for deliberation by the Grand Commanders and Ministers. Du Lin submitted a memorial stating, "When human feelings are humiliated and degraded, the spirit of righteousness and integrity is harmed; when legal restrictions become excessive, then people will resort to mere self-preservation. Confucius said: "If the people are guided by government policies and regulated by punishments, they will seek to avoid punishment but have no sense of shame. If they are guided by virtue and regulated by rites, they will possess a sense of shame and become upright." Ancient wise kings had profound insight and long-term foresight; they acted with depth and sincerity, not seeking to enact numerous laws. The five punishments of the Zhou dynasty did not exceed three thousand in number. When the great Han dynasty first rose to power, it carefully examined past successes and failures. Thus, they transformed rigidity into flexibility, carved away embellishments for simplicity, abolished harsh policies, and established a more lenient system of laws. The people within the empire rejoiced, and all cherished the virtue of clemency. However, by later generations, laws gradually multiplied; they searched for faults with excessive scrutiny and engaged in limitless accusations of deceit. Even the offering of fruits, vegetables, or simple food could be collected as evidence for corruption. Matters trivial and harmless to righteousness were treated as grave offenses; thus, there were no upright men in the state, and no household had a member with unblemished conduct. As a result, laws could not prevent wrongdoing, and decrees could not stop it; superiors and subordinates evaded responsibility together, making the corruption even deeper. Your humble servant believes that we should return to the old system and must not change it arbitrarily." The emperor followed his advice.
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後皇太子彊求乞自退，封東海王，故重選官屬，以林為王傅。從駕南巡狩。時諸王傅數被引命，或多交游，不得應詔；唯林守慎，有召必至。餘人雖不見譴，而林特受賞賜，又辭不敢受，帝益重之。 |
| | Later, when the Crown Prince Qiang requested to step down from office and was granted the title of Duke of Donghai, it became necessary to carefully select officials for his staff. Du Lin was appointed as the prince's tutor (wang fu). He accompanied the emperor on a southern tour. At that time, many tutors to the princes were frequently summoned by imperial decree; some had many social connections and could not respond to the summons. Only Du Lin remained cautious and conscientious, arriving whenever he was called upon. Others, though not punished, did not receive special rewards; however, Du Lin alone was especially honored with gifts. He declined them, saying he dared not accept such favors, and the emperor valued him even more for this.
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明年，代丁恭為少府。二十二年，復為光祿勳。頃之，代朱浮為大司空，博雅多通，稱為任職相。明年薨，帝親自臨喪送葬，除子喬為郎。詔曰：「公侯子孫，必復其始，賢者之後，宜宰城邑。其以喬為丹水長。」 |
| | The following year, he succeeded Ding Gong as Shaofu (Minister of Works). In the twenty-second year (45 AD), he was again appointed Guanglu Xun. Soon after, he succeeded Zhu Fu as Dasi Kong (Grand Commandant). He was erudite and well-versed in many fields, and was regarded as an exemplary official. The following year he died; the emperor personally attended his funeral and sent him off with honors, granting his son Qiao a position as Lang (attendant official). The imperial edict stated: "Descendants of marquises and dukes must restore their ancestral status; the descendants of virtuous men should be appointed to govern cities and districts. Therefore, let Qiao serve as the magisterial official (zhang) of Danshui."
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論曰：夫威彊以自禦，力損則身危；飾詐以圖己，詐窮則道屈；而忠信篤敬，蠻貊行焉者，誠以德之感物厚矣。故趙孟懷忠，匹夫成其仁；杜林行義，烈士假其命。《》曰「人之所助者順」，有不誣矣。 |
| | Commentary: When one relies on strength to control others, if that power diminishes, then personal danger follows; when one resorts to deception for self-interest, when the deceit is exposed, the path of righteousness will be stifled; but those who are loyal, trustworthy, sincere, and respectful—whose conduct is exemplary even among the southern and northern barbarians—are so because virtue's power to move others is profound. Thus, Zhao Meng, who harbored loyalty, became a paragon of benevolence even as an ordinary man; Du Lin's practice of righteousness led to righteous men risking their lives for him. The Yijing says, "What people assist is what follows the Way"—this cannot be more true.
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郭丹字少卿，南陽穰人也。父稚，成帝時為廬江太守，有清名。丹七歲而孤，小心孝順，後母哀憐之，為鬻衣担，買產業。後從師長安，買符入函谷關，乃慨然歎曰：「丹不乘使者車，終不出關。」既至京師，常為都講，諸儒咸敬重之。大司馬嚴尤請丹，辭病不就。王莽又徵之，遂與諸生逃於北地。更始二年，三公舉丹賢能，徵為諫議大夫，持節使歸南陽，安集受降。丹自去家十有二年，果乘高車出關，如其志焉。 |
| | Guo Dan, courtesy name Shaoqing, was a native of Rang, Nanyang. His father Guo Zhi served as governor of Lujiang during the reign of Emperor Cheng and was known for his integrity. Dan lost his father at age seven, but he was cautious, filial, and obedient. His stepmother pitied him and sold her clothes to buy property for the family. Later, when he followed his teacher to Chang'an and purchased a token to enter the Hangu Pass, he sighed with emotion and said, "If Dan does not ride in an envoy's carriage, I will never leave this pass." After arriving at the capital, he often served as a chief instructor, and all the Confucian scholars respected him. The Grand Marshal Yan You invited Dan to serve, but Dan declined on grounds of illness. Wang Mang summoned him once more, so he fled north to Beidi together with his disciples. In the second year of Gengshi, the Three Excellencies recommended Dan as virtuous and capable. He was summoned to serve as a Jinyi Dafu (Counselor), holding an imperial envoy's staff, and sent back to Nanyang to pacify surrendered forces and stabilize the region. Dan had been away from his home for twelve years, and indeed he rode out of the pass in a high-ranking official's carriage, fulfilling his ambition.
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更始敗，諸將悉歸光武，並獲封爵；丹獨保平氏不下，為更始發喪，衰絰盡哀。建武二年，遂潛逃去，敝衣閒行，涉歷險阻，求謁更始妻子，奉還節傳，因歸鄉里。太守杜詩請為功曹，丹薦鄉人長者自代而去。詩乃歎曰：「昔明王興化，卿士讓位，今功曹推賢，可謂至德。敕以丹事編署黃堂，以為後法。」 |
| | After Gengshi fell, all the generals submitted to Guangwu and were granted marquisates; Dan alone held out in Pingshi without surrendering, observed mourning rites for Gengshi's death, and expressed his grief with appropriate ceremonial attire. In the second year of Jianwu, he secretly fled away, dressed in tattered clothes and traveling incognito through perilous terrain to seek out Gengshi's wife and children, returning their official seal and credentials before finally returning to his hometown. The governor Du Shi invited him to serve as Gongcao (an administrative officer), but Dan recommended a respected elder from his native place to take his place and left. Shi then sighed, "In the past, enlightened kings promoted virtue, and high officials yielded their positions. Now that a Gongcao officer recommends a worthy person, this can be called supreme virtue. I decree that Dan's deeds shall be recorded in the Yellow Hall registry as an example for future generations."
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十三年，大司馬吳漢辟舉高第，再遷并州牧，有清平稱。轉使匈奴中郎將，遷左馮翊。永平三年，代李訢為司徒。在朝廉直公正，與侯霸、杜林、張湛、郭伋齊名相善。明年，坐考隴西太守鄧融事無所據，策免。五年，卒於家，時年八十七。以河南尹范遷有清行，代為司徒。 |
| | In the thirteenth year, Grand Marshal Wu Han recommended him for a high-ranking post. Dan was promoted twice and became the governor of Bingzhou, earning a reputation for integrity and good governance. He later transferred to serve as Zhonglangjiang (General in Charge of the Xiongnu), and was promoted to Zuo Fengyi (Left Administrator of Fengyi). In the third year of Yongping, he succeeded Li Xin as Sikou. While in office, Dan was known for his integrity, uprightness, and impartiality, and was on equal footing with Hou Ba, Du Lin, Zhang Zhan, and Guo Ji, maintaining good relations with them. The following year, he was dismissed by imperial decree for investigating the case of Liu Xishou Deng Rong without sufficient evidence. In the fifth year, he died at home at the age of eighty-seven. Because Fan Qian, the governor of Henan, was known for his upright conduct, Dan was succeeded by him as Sikou.
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遷字子廬，沛國人，初為漁陽太守，以智略安邊，匈奴不敢入界。及在公輔，有宅數畝，田不過一頃，復推與兄子。其妻嘗謂曰：「君有四子而無立錐之地，可餘奉祿，以為後世業。」遷曰：「吾備位大臣而蓄財求利，何以示後世！」在位四年薨，家無擔石焉。 |
| | Fan Qian, courtesy name Zilu, was a native of Pei Guo. Initially serving as governor of Yuyang, he used his wisdom and strategy to pacify the frontier; the Xiongnu dared not cross into his territory. When he held a high official position, he owned only several mu of residential land and no more than one qing of farmland, which he also gave to his nephew. His wife once said to him, "You have four sons but no land even for a tent. You should save some of your salary as an inheritance for future generations." Qian replied, "I hold the position of a high-ranking minister yet accumulate wealth and seek profit—how can I set an example for future generations!" After four years in office, he died, leaving behind no more than a few dan of grain.
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後顯宗因朝會問群臣郭丹家今何如，宗正劉匡對曰：「昔孫叔敖相楚，馬不秣粟，妻不衣帛，子孫竟蒙寑丘之封。丹出典州郡，入為三公，而家無遺產，子孫困匱。」帝乃下南陽訪求其嗣。長子宇，官至常山太守。少子濟，趙相。 |
| | Later, Emperor Xianzong asked the ministers during a court assembly how Guo Dan's family was faring. Liu Kuang, Minister of the Imperial Clan, replied, "In ancient times, Sun Shuao served as prime minister of Chu; his horses were not fed grain, and his wife did not wear silk. Yet his descendants eventually received the fief of Qinqiu. Dan governed states and commanderies, then served as one of the Three Excellencies, yet left no inheritance for his family. His descendants now suffer from poverty." The emperor then sent envoys to Nanyang in search of Dan's descendants. His eldest son, Yu, served as governor of Changshan. His youngest son, Ji, was the prime minister (xiang) of Zhao.
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吳良字大儀，齊國臨淄人也。初為郡吏，歲旦與掾史入賀，門下掾王望舉觴上壽，諂稱太守功德。良於下坐勃然進曰：「望佞邪之人，欺諂無狀，願勿受其觴。」太守斂容而止。讌罷，轉良為功曹；恥以言受進，終不肯謁。 |
| | Wu Liang, courtesy name Dayi, was a native of Linzi, Qi Guo. Initially serving as an official in the commandery, on New Year's Day he and other clerks entered to offer congratulations. The assistant clerk Wang Wang raised a cup to toast the governor's longevity, flatteringly praising his virtues and achievements. Liang, sitting among the lower-ranking officials, suddenly stepped forward in anger and said, "Wang Wang is a deceitful man who flatters shamelessly. I beg you not to accept his toast." The governor reined in his expression and ceased the celebration. After the banquet ended, the governor transferred Liang to serve as Gongcao; Liang was ashamed of having been promoted through such words and ultimately refused to visit him.
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時驃騎將軍東平王蒼聞而辟之，署為西曹。蒼甚相敬愛，上疏薦良曰：「臣聞為國所重，必在得人；報恩之義，莫大薦士。竊見臣府西曹掾齊國吳良，資質敦固，公方廉恪，躬儉安貧，白首一節；又治尚書，學通師法，經任博士，行中表儀。宜備宿衛，以輔聖政。臣蒼榮寵絕矣，憂責深大，私慕公叔同升之義，懼於臧文竊位之罪，敢秉愚瞽，犯冒嚴禁。」顯宗以示公卿曰：「前以事見良，鬚髮皓然，衣冠甚偉，夫薦賢助國，宰相之職，蕭何舉韓信，設壇而拜，不復考試。今以良為議郎。」 |
| | At that time, the General-in-Chief Dongping Wang Cang heard of this and invited Liang to serve in his office, appointing him as head of the western clerks. Cang held Liang in great respect and affection, and submitted a memorial recommending him: "Minister, I have heard that what the state values most is surely the right people; the greatest act of repaying kindness is to recommend worthy individuals. I have observed that Wu Liang, the assistant clerk of my office from Qi Guo, possesses a solid and upright character. He is impartial, honest, and conscientious, personally practicing frugality and contentment with poverty throughout his life; He also studied the Shangshu (Book of Documents) thoroughly, mastering its teachings under master scholars. Having served as a bo shi (doctor/lecturer), his conduct set an exemplary standard for others to follow. He is eminently suited to serve in the imperial guard, assisting and supporting the holy administration of government." Minister Cang considers himself deeply honored and burdened with great responsibility. I privately admire the righteousness of Gongshu recommending his equal for promotion, yet fear the guilt of Zang Wen who usurped a position improperly. With boldness and despite my ignorance, I dare to violate strict prohibitions." Emperor Xianzong showed this memorial to the ministers and said, "Earlier I met Liang in person; his beard and hair were white, and his attire was dignified. Recommending virtuous men to assist the state is the duty of a prime minister. Xiao He recommended Han Xin, who was immediately enfeoffed with an altar ceremony without further examination or testing. Now I appoint Liang as Yilang."
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永平中，車駕近出，而信陽侯陰就干突禁衛，車府令徐匡鉤就車，收御者送獄。詔書譴匡，匡乃自繫。良上言曰：「信陽侯就倚恃外戚，干犯乘輿，無人臣禮，為大不敬。匡執法守正，反下于理，臣恐聖化由是而弛。」帝雖赦匡，猶左轉良為即丘長。後遷司徒長史。每處大議，輒據經典，不希旨偶俗，以徼時譽。後坐事免。復拜議郎，卒於官。 |
| | During the Yongping period, when the emperor was about to make a short outing, Yin Jiu, Marquis of Yingyang, recklessly breached the imperial guards. Xu Kuang, commander of the Chufu (Imperial Carriage Office), seized his carriage and arrested the driver for trial in prison. An imperial decree rebuked Kuang, so Kuang voluntarily bound himself up (in self-imprisonment). Liang submitted a memorial stating, "Marquis Yin Jiu relies on his status as an imperial relative and dared to violate the emperor's procession, showing no respect for the rites of a subject. This constitutes a grave act of disrespect. Kuang upheld the law and maintained integrity, yet he was punished for doing so. I fear that Your Majesty's virtuous governance will thereby be weakened." Although the emperor pardoned Kuang, he still demoted Liang to magisterial official of Jiqiu. Later, he was promoted to Shilu Changshi (chief clerk of Sikou). Whenever major deliberations were held, he always based his arguments on classical Confucian texts, never seeking to please the emperor or conform to popular opinion for temporary praise. Later, he was dismissed from office due to an unspecified offense. He was later reappointed as Yilang and died in office.
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承宮字少子，琅邪姑幕人也。少孤，年八歲為人牧豕。鄉里徐子盛者，以春秋經授諸生數百人，宮過息廬下，樂其業，因就聽經，遂請留門下，為諸生拾薪。執苦數年，勤學不倦。經典既明，乃歸家教授。遭天下喪亂，遂將諸生避地漢中，後與妻子之蒙陰山，肆力耕種。禾黍將孰，人有認之者，宮不與計，推之而去，由是顯名。三府更辟，皆不應。 |
| | Cheng Gong, courtesy name Shaizi, was a native of Gumu, Langya. He lost his father at an early age and, at the age of eight, worked as a pig herder for others. A local man named Xu Zisheng, who taught the Spring and Autumn Annals to hundreds of students, had Gong pass by his rest house. Impressed by the teachings, Gong requested permission to stay as a student, gathering firewood for them in return. For several years he endured hard labor while diligently studying without tiring. After mastering the classics, he returned home to teach others. During a time of national turmoil and mourning, he led his students to take refuge in Hanzhong. Later, with his wife and children, he went to Mengyin Mountain and devoted himself entirely to farming. When the crops were nearly ripe, someone claimed them as their own. Gong did not argue with him but gave up his claim and left, thereby gaining a reputation for virtue. The Three Offices successively invited him to serve, but he refused each time.
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永平中，徵詣公車。車駕臨辟雍，召宮拜博士，遷左中郎將。數納忠言，陳政，論議切愨，朝臣憚其節，名播匈奴。時北單于遣使求得見宮，顯宗敕自整飾，宮對曰：「夷狄眩名，非識實者也。臣狀醜，不可以示遠，宜選有威容者。」帝乃以大鴻臚魏應代之。十七年，拜侍中祭酒。建初元年，卒，肅宗褒歎，賜以冢地。妻上書乞歸葬鄉里，復賜錢三十萬。 |
| | During the Yongping period, he was summoned by imperial edict to appear at the Gongche (Imperial Recruitment Office). When the emperor visited the Biyong (Imperial Academy), he summoned Gong and appointed him as a bo shi, later promoting him to Zuo Zhonglangjiang. He frequently offered loyal advice and discussed state affairs with sincerity and earnestness, making court officials wary of his integrity. His reputation spread even to the Xiongnu. At that time, the northern Chanyu sent envoys requesting an audience with Gong. Emperor Xianzong ordered him to prepare himself properly, but Gong replied, "Barbarians are dazzled by names; they do not recognize true virtue. My appearance is unimpressive and unsuitable for impressing distant guests. It would be better to select someone with a dignified presence." The emperor then appointed Wei Ying, the Da Honglu (Grand Master of Ceremonies), as his substitute. In the seventeenth year, he was appointed Shizhong Jiaoshi (Attendant-in-Ordinary and Chief Instructor). In the first year of Jianchu, he died. Emperor Suzong praised him highly and granted a burial site as an honor. His wife submitted a memorial requesting to return his body for burial in their hometown, and the emperor further bestowed 300,000 coins as a grant.
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鄭均字仲虞，東平任城人也。少好黃老書。兄為縣吏，頗受禮遺，均數諫止，不聽。即脫身為傭，歲餘，得錢帛，歸以與兄。曰：「物盡可復得，為吏坐臧，終身捐棄。」兄感其言。遂為廉絜。均好義篤實，養寡嫂孤兒，恩禮敦至。常稱病家廷，不應州郡辟召。郡將欲必致之，使縣令譎將詣門，既至，卒不能屈。均於是客於濮陽。 |
| | Zheng Jun, courtesy name Zhongyu, was a native of Rencheng, Dongping. From a young age he loved the Huanglao (Daoist) texts. His elder brother served as an official in the county and accepted many gifts, which Jun repeatedly advised against, but his brother did not listen. Jun then left home to work as a laborer and after more than a year earned money and silk, which he returned to his brother. He said, "Material things can be lost but regained; however, if you as an official commit corruption and theft, you will be cast out for life." His brother was moved by his words. He then became upright and incorruptible. Jun was devoted to righteousness and sincerity, supporting his widowed sister-in-law and her orphaned child with deep affection and proper rites. He often claimed illness at home and refused appointments by the commandery and state authorities. łożył The commandery official insisted on summoning him, so he sent a county magistrate to trick him into coming to the door. When they arrived, they ultimately failed to persuade him. At this point, Jun went as a guest to Puyang.
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建初三年，司徒鮑昱辟之，後舉直言，並不詣。六年，公車特徵，再遷尚書，數納忠言，肅宗敬重之。後以病乞骸骨，拜議郎，告歸，因稱病篤，帝賜以衣冠。 |
| | In the third year of Jianchu, Sikou Bao Yu invited him to serve; later he was recommended for his straightforwardness, but Jun did not accept either appointment. In the sixth year, he was specially summoned by imperial decree to serve at Gongche and later promoted twice to Shangshu. He frequently offered loyal advice, earning the respect of Emperor Suzong. Later, due to illness he requested retirement on grounds of old age and was appointed Yilang. When he returned home, he claimed a serious illness, and the emperor bestowed him with official robes and hats as an honor.
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元和元年，詔告廬江太守、東平相曰：「議郎鄭均，束脩安貧，恭儉節整，前在機密，以病致仕，守善貞固，黃髮不怠。又前安邑令毛義，躬履遜讓，比徵辭病，淳絜之風，東州稱仁。書不云乎：『章厥有常，吉哉！』其賜均、義穀各千斛，常以八月長吏存問，賜羊酒，顯茲異行。」明年，帝東巡過任城，乃幸均舍，敕賜尚書祿以終其身，故時人號為「白衣尚書」。永元中，卒於家。 |
| | In the first year of Yuanhe, an imperial decree was issued to the governor of Lujiang and the prime minister of Dongping: "Yilang Zheng Jun has lived a life of self-discipline and contentment with poverty. He is respectful, frugal, and upright in conduct. Previously serving in confidential duties, he retired due to illness but remained steadfast in virtue without waning even in old age. Moreover, the former county magistrate of Anyi, Mao Yi, personally practiced humility and courtesy. When repeatedly summoned to office, he declined on grounds of illness; his pure and upright conduct earned him a reputation for benevolence in the eastern states. Is it not said in the Shu: 'Those who uphold constant virtue shall be blessed with good fortune!' Therefore, grant Jun and Yi each a thousand hu of grain. Let the senior officials inquire after them every August, bestowing sheep and wine to honor their exemplary conduct." The following year, when the emperor toured east and passed through Rencheng, he visited Jun's residence. An imperial order was issued to grant him the salary of a Shangshu for life; thus, contemporaries gave him the title "White-Robe Shangshu." In the middle of Yongyuan, he died at home.
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趙典字仲經，蜀郡成都人也。父戒，為太尉，桓帝立，以定策封廚亭侯。典少篤行隱約，博學經書，弟子自遠方至。建和初，四府表薦，徵拜議郎，侍講禁內，再遷為侍中。時帝欲廣開鴻池，典諫曰：「鴻池汎溉，已且百頃，猶復增而深之，非所以崇唐虞之約己，遵孝文之愛人也。」帝納其言而止。 |
| | Zhao Dian, courtesy name Zhongjing, was a native of Chengdu, Shu Jun. His father Jie served as Taiwei. When Emperor Huan ascended the throne, he was enfeoffed as Kuting Hou for his role in determining the succession plan. Dian, from a young age, practiced virtue diligently and lived modestly; he was broadly learned in Confucian classics, and his disciples came to him from distant regions. In the early years of Jianhe, four official offices jointly recommended him; he was summoned and appointed as Yilang to serve in the palace as a tutor. He was later promoted twice to become Shizhong. At that time, the emperor wanted to expand Hongchi. Dian advised: "The Hongchi already irrigates over a hundred qing of land; further enlarging and deepening it is not in line with upholding the self-restraint of Tang and Yu or following Emperor Xiaowen's love for his people." The emperor accepted his advice and halted the project.
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父卒，襲封。出為弘農太守，轉右扶風。公事去官，徵拜城門校尉，轉將作大匠，遷少府，又轉大鴻臚。時恩澤諸侯以無勞受封，群臣不悅而莫敢諫，典獨奏曰：「夫無功而賞，勞者不勸，上忝下辱，亂象干度。且高祖之誓，非功臣不封。宜一切削免爵土，以存舊典。」帝不從。頃之，轉太僕，遷太常。朝廷每有災異疑議，輒諮問之。典據經正對，無所曲折。每得賞賜，輒分與諸生之貧者。後以諫爭違旨，免官就國。 |
| | After his father's death, he inherited the title. He was later posted as governor of Hongnong and then transferred to Youfufeng. After resigning due to official matters, he was summoned and appointed Chengmen Jiao Wei. He later transferred to Jiangzuo Dajiang, promoted to Shaofu, and then moved again to Dahanlu. At that time, various marquises received enfeoffments without having rendered any service; the court officials were displeased but dared not remonstrate. Dian alone submitted a memorial stating: "To reward those who have no merit undermines the motivation of those who toil. It brings shame upon superiors and disgrace upon inferiors, creating disorder that violates proper order." Moreover, Emperor Gaozu's oath was that only meritorious subjects would be enfeoffed. Therefore, all titles and fiefs should be revoked for everyone to preserve the old precedents." The emperor did not follow his advice. Soon after, he was transferred to Taifu and promoted to Taichang. Whenever the court encountered disasters or unusual events that raised doubts, they would consult him for advice. Dian cited Confucian classics to provide straightforward answers without any evasions. Whenever he received rewards or gifts, he would distribute them among his poorer students. Later, because of advising in defiance of the emperor's will, he was dismissed from office and returned to his fiefdom.
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會帝崩，時禁藩國諸侯不得奔弔，典慨然曰：「身從衣褐之中，致位上列。且鳥烏反哺報德，況於士邪！」遂解印綬符策付縣，而馳到京師。州郡及大鴻臚並執處其罪，而公卿百寮嘉典之義，表請以租自贖，詔書許之。再遷長樂少府、衛尉。公卿復表典篤學博聞，宜備國師。會病卒，使者弔祠。竇太后復遣使兼贈印綬，謚曰獻侯。 |
| | At the time, an edict prohibited marquises and feudal lords from mourning or attending the funeral of the deceased emperor. Dian said with deep emotion: "I rose from humble origins to attain a high position. Moreover, even birds and crows return to feed their parents in gratitude; how much more so for scholars!" He therefore handed over his seals, insignia, and fief documents to the county authorities and hurriedly went to the capital. The commandery, state authorities, and Dahanlu all sought to punish him for his actions. However, the high officials and court ministers praised Dian's righteousness and submitted a memorial requesting that he redeem himself through paying rent in lieu of punishment; an imperial edict approved this request. He was promoted twice to Changle Shaofu and then Weiwei. The high officials again submitted a memorial, stating that Dian was deeply learned and widely knowledgeable, and thus should be appointed as a national teacher. At the time of his death from illness, imperial envoys were sent to mourn and perform rites in his honor. Empress Dowager Dou again dispatched an envoy to bestow seals and posthumously honored him with the title Xian Hou.
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典兄子謙，謙弟溫，相繼為三公。 |
| | Dian's nephew Qian, and Qian's younger brother Wen, succeeded one another in holding the position of San Gong.
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謙字彥信，初平元年，代黃琬為太尉。獻帝遷都長安，以謙行車騎將軍，為前置。明年病罷。復為司隸校尉。車師王侍子為董卓所愛，數犯法，謙收殺之。卓大怒，殺都官從事，而素敬憚謙，故不加罪。轉為前將軍，遣擊白波賊，有功，封郫侯。李傕殺司徒王允，復代允為司徒，數月病免，拜尚書令。是年卒，謚曰忠侯。 |
| | Qian, courtesy name Yanxin, in the first year of Chuping, succeeded Huang Wan as Taiwei. When Emperor Xian moved his capital to Chang'an, Qian was appointed acting Cheqi Jiangjun and stationed ahead of the imperial procession. The following year he resigned due to illness. He was again appointed as Sili Jiao Wei. The Shicheng Wang's son, who had been favored by Dong Zhuo, repeatedly broke the law; Qian arrested and executed him. Dong Zhuo was furious and killed a Du guan cong shi, but as he had always respected and feared Qian, he did not punish him. He was transferred to become Qian Jiangjun, dispatched to attack the Baibo rebels and achieved success; he was enfeoffed with the title Pi Hou. Li Jue killed Sikou Wang Yun and then succeeded Yun as Sikou. After several months, he resigned due to illness and was appointed Shangshuliu. He died the same year and posthumously received the title Zhong Hou.
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溫字子柔，初為京兆郡丞，歎曰：「大丈夫當雄飛，安能雌伏！」遂棄官去。遭歲大飢，散家糧以振窮餓，所活萬餘人。獻帝西遷都，為侍中，同輿輦至長安，封江南亭侯，代楊彪為司空，免，頃之，復為司徒，錄尚書事。 |
| | Wen, courtesy name Zirou, initially served as Juncheng of Jingzhao and sighed: "A true man should soar high; how could he remain cowering like a hen!" He therefore abandoned his official post and left. During a year of great famine, he distributed grain from his family's reserves to relieve the starving poor, saving over ten thousand people. When Emperor Xian relocated westward, Wen served as Shizhong and accompanied the imperial procession to Chang'an. He was enfeoffed with title Jiangnan Ting Hou, succeeded Yang Biao as Sikong, but was later dismissed. Soon after, he again became Sikou and assumed responsibility for overseeing Shangshu affairs.
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時李傕與郭汜相攻，傕遂虜掠禁省，劫帝幸北塢，外內隔絕。傕素疑溫不與己同，乃內溫於塢中，又欲移乘輿於黃白城。溫與傕書曰：「公前託為董公報讎，然實屠陷王城，殺戮大臣，天下不可家見而戶說也。今與郭汜爭睚眥之隙，以成千鈞之讎，人在塗炭，各不聊生。曾不改悟，遂成禍亂。朝廷仍下明詔，欲令和解。上命不行，威澤日損。而復欲移轉乘輿，更幸非所，此誠老夫所不達也。於易，一為過，再為涉，三而弗改，滅其頂，凶。不如早共和解，引軍還屯，上安萬乘，下全人民，豈不幸甚。」傕大怒，欲遣人殺溫。董卓從弟應，溫故掾也，諫之數日，乃獲免。 |
| | At that time, Li Jue and Guo Si were waging war against each other. Li Jue then raided the imperial palace, seized the emperor to his northern fortress, cutting off all communication between the court and outside. Li Jue had long suspected Wen of not being loyal to him, so he confined Wen in the fortress and also planned to move the imperial carriage to Huangbai Cheng. Wen wrote a letter to Li Jue, saying: "Previously you claimed to act on behalf of Dong Gong in avenging his death. However, in reality, you have razed the royal city and killed high-ranking officials; such actions cannot be justified or accepted by common people from household to household across the land." Now, you quarrel with Guo Si over a trivial grudge and have turned it into an enmity of great magnitude. The people are suffering in misery, unable to live even a single day in peace. You show no sign of repentance or realization and have thus brought about disaster and chaos. The imperial court still issued a clear decree, hoping to mediate peace between the two sides. Imperial commands went unheeded, and the emperor's authority and influence diminished day by day. And now you intend to move the imperial residence again to an inappropriate place; this is truly something I cannot comprehend, old man that I am. In the Yijing, one transgression is a mistake; two are an act of crossing over; three without correction lead to destruction and misfortune. "It would be better for you both to reconcile early, withdraw your troops, ensure the emperor's safety above and preserve the people below. Would this not be a great blessing?" Li Jue became furious and wanted to send men to kill Wen. Dong Zhuo's cousin Ying, who was once a subordinate of Wen, advised for several days and thus managed to save him from death.
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溫從車駕都許。建安十三年，以辟司空曹操子丕為掾，操怒，奏溫辟忠臣子弟，選舉不實，免官。是歲卒，年七十二。 |
| | Wen followed the imperial procession back to Xu. In the thirteenth year of Jianan, Wen appointed Cao Pi, son of Sikong Cao Cao, as a subordinate. Cao Cao became angry and impeached Wen for appointing the descendants of loyal ministers without due diligence in selection; Wen was dismissed from office. He died that year at the age of seventy-two.
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贊曰：宣、鄭、二王，奉身清方。杜林據古，張湛矜莊。典以義黜，宮由德揚。大儀鵠髮，見表憲王。少卿志仕，終乘高箱。 |
| | Commentary: Xuan, Zheng, and the two Wangs all upheld personal integrity with clarity and uprightness. Du Lin relied on ancient principles; Zhang Zhan was dignified and conscientious. Dian was dismissed for righteousness, Gong rose due to virtue. Great instruments and cranes of old were seen as symbols of the virtuous King Xian. Shaoqing was determined to serve, ultimately riding in a high carriage of honor.
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