生平

清白忠勤

245年，陸遜去世時，陸抗時年20歲，繼承其父的江陵縣侯，被吳帝孫權拜為建武校尉，領父陸遜部曲五千人，駐紮武昌。陸抗葬父，還都謝恩時，孫權拿出以前楊竺告發其父的20條罪狀，與陸抗核實。陸抗逐條對答，為父辯白。孫權聽了陸抗之言，消除了對陸遜的憤怒。

246年，升陸抗為立節中郎將，與諸葛恪互換防區，屯守柴桑。陸抗臨走時，其駐地完好無損，諸葛恪到後，儼然若新。而諸葛恪的柴桑駐地卻頗有毀壞，諸葛恪深為慚愧。

251年，陸抗還都城建業治病時，孫權召見他，流著淚對他說：「吾前聽用讒言，與汝父大義不篤，以此負汝。前後所問，一焚滅之，莫令人見也」。252年，拜奮威將軍。

壽春救援

257年，魏徵東大將軍諸葛誕在壽春叛魏降吳。吳主拜陸抗為柴桑督，赴壽春接援，拜魏牙門將偏將軍，升為征北將軍。

259年，拜鎮軍將軍，都督西陵（今湖北宜昌西北）。翌年，假節。 　　

264年，孫休命步協前往巴東，羅憲退守白帝城，陸抗奉命帶三萬兵前去，以期搶攻蜀漢故土，但仍無法攻陷。在持續了六個月後，最終只得無功而返。同年，孫皓繼位，加陸抗為鎮軍大將軍，領益州牧。

270年四月，大司馬施績去世，拜抗都督信陵、西陵、夷道、樂鄉、公安諸軍事，駐樂鄉（今湖北江陵西南）。因部下「各有其主」，不聽號令，他上書孫皓，要求杜絕宦官弄權，幹預軍政，並提出任人「宜隨授職，抑黜群小」等17條建議，未被採納。

西陵之戰

吳鳳凰元年（272年），西陵督步闡叛降晉。陸抗率兵平叛，採取圍而不攻的戰術。晉車騎將軍羊祜率軍進攻江陵，意解西陵之圍。陸抗識破敵軍意圖，據理說服衆將，繼續圍困西陵，並派人令江陵都督固守，令公安都督率部巡長江南岸抵禦羊祜水師；最終羊祜只得退兵。

陸抗一舉攻克西陵，斬步闡等叛將，並將包含尚在襁褓之中的嬰孩在內的步氏一家給滅族，當時有識道的人為此預言陸家後代必為此事遭到報應，後果應驗，其子陸機、陸雲、陸耽並三族子孫，皆在八王之亂時被司馬穎給屠戮殆盡。

鳳凰二年（273年）三月，陸抗升為大司馬並領荊州牧。次年（274年）病逝，終年48歲。

陸抗死後，羊祜方才向朝廷請征東吳。

逸事

陸抗在與羊祜對峙時，曾生病收到羊祜送來的藥，陸抗部屬都勸他不要吃，但陸抗說：「羊祜怎可能是會下毒的人！」而服藥，病果然就好了。唐李瀚《蒙求》詩便有「句踐投醪，陸抗嘗藥。」之句。

評價

• 陳壽：抗貞亮籌幹，咸有父風，奕世載美，具體而微，可謂克構者哉！ 《三國志》

• 陸機：大司馬陸公以文武熙朝，賢諸葛之言而割情慾之歡，感陸公之規而除刑政之煩，陸公以偏師三萬，北據東坑，深溝高壘，案甲養威。反虜踠跡待戮，而不敢北闚生路，強寇敗績宵遁，喪師大半，分命銳師五千，西禦水軍，東西同捷，獻俘萬計。信哉賢人之謀，豈欺我哉！自是烽燧罕警，封域寡虞。陸公沒而潛謀兆，吳釁深而六師駭。 《辯亡論》

• 習鑿齒：抗見國小主暴，而晉德彌昌，人積兼己之善，而己無固本之規，百姓懷嚴敵之德，闔境有棄主之慮，思所以鎮定民心，緝寧外內，奮其危弱，抗權上國者，莫若親行斯道，以侔其勝。使彼德靡加吾，而此善流聞，歸重邦國，弘明遠風，折衝於枕席之上，校勝於帷幄之內，傾敵而不以甲兵之力，保國而不浚溝池之固，信義感於寇讎，丹懷體於先日。豈設狙詐以危賢，徇己身之私名，貪外物之重我，闇服之而不備者哉！ 《漢晉春秋》

• 陸凱：姚信、樓玄、賀卲、張悌、郭逴、薛瑩、滕脩及族弟喜、抗，或清白忠勤，或姿才卓茂，皆社稷之楨幹，國家之良輔。 《三國志·吳書十六》

• 何充：所謂陸抗存則吳存，抗亡則吳亡者。《晉書》

• 吾彥：道德名望，抗不及喜；立功立事，喜不及抗。《晉書》

• 成海應：陸抗與羊祜相對, 各保分界, 務尙信義, 至於吳楚之間, 餘糧棲畒而不犯, 牛馬逸而入境, 宣告而取, 雖諸葛公渭濱之師, 何以加之. 且能繼父忠直, 諫烏程者, 皆話言可法. 又破晉強敵, 誅除步闡, 東還樂鄉, 貌無矜色者, 難矣. 臨沒籌畫, 盡其忠欵, 其策若行, 晉安得破吳哉. 其謙衝諒直如此. 其子皆不終, 至于機雲之死, 三族無遺, 或謂抗誅步闡也, 誅及嬰孩, 此其受報. 然以抗雅量, 豈為是乎. 殆機雲之跡單名盛故也, 陳壽稱抗, 具體而微, 可謂克搆. 彼不徒具體而微者也. 『硏經齋全集續集』 10冊, 史論, 陸抗

家庭

父

陸遜，孫吳丞相，主持三公事務，兼任荊州牧右都護領武昌事。

母

孫策之女

兄弟

陸延，陸抗異母兄長，早卒。

妻

張氏，重臣張昭子張承之女，張震、張妃姐妹，諸葛瑾外孫女。生有陸景，253年張氏因其舅諸葛恪連坐被廢黜，陸抗後面應有再婚。

子

陸抗死後，吳帝孫皓把其部下分由他5個兒子晏、景、玄、機、雲統領。

• 陸晏，陸抗死後，陸晏被封為裨將軍、夷道監。280年，晉軍伐吳，龍驤將軍王濬順流東下，克夷道被殺。

• 陸景，字士仁，以尚公主拜騎都尉，封毗陵侯。與其弟陸機、堂弟陸曄皆以才能、品德著名，文章超群，身居高官，聲望極高，時稱「三虎」。父死後既領抗兵，拜偏將軍、中夏督。兄陸晏為王濬別軍所殺（280年）。景亦遇害，時年31。

• 陸玄，在父死後與兄弟晏、機、景、雲分領抗兵。

• 陸機，字士衡，西元303年時任西晉大將軍司馬穎右司馬，在八王之亂被誣謀反，夷三族。

• 陸雲，字士龍，西元303年時任西晉清河內史。在八王之亂被殺。

• 陸耽，西元303年時任西晉平東祭酒，在八王之亂被殺。

女

• 顧謙妻

• 顧榮妻

• 幼女，早亡

後世地位

• 宋代歐陽修、宋祁等撰寫的《新唐書·卷十五·志第五·禮樂五·吉禮五》中提到，唐代時禮儀使顏真卿曾經向皇室建議，追封古代名將64人，並為他們設廟享奠，當中就包括「吳大司馬荊州牧陸抗」。同時代被列入廟享名單的只有關羽、張飛、張遼、周瑜、呂蒙、陸遜、鄧艾、王濬、羊祜和杜預而已。

• 同樣，元代脫脫等撰寫的《宋史·卷一零五·志第五十八·禮八·吉禮八》提及宋代宣和五年時，皇室依照唐代慣例，為古代名將設廟，72位名將中亦包括陸抗。

During Sun Quans reign

Lu Kang was the second son of Lu Xun and a maternal grandson of Sun Ce, the elder brother and predecessor of Wu's founding emperor, Sun Quan. Lu Xun died in 245 when Lu Kang was only around 19 years old. After his father's death, Lu Kang was commissioned as Colonel Who Establishes Martial Might (建武校尉) and put in charge of 5,000 troops who used to be under his father's command. After escorting his father's coffin from Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei) back to his ancestral home in Wu Commandery (around present-day Suzhou, Jiangsu) for burial, he travelled to the Wu capital Jianye (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) to pay his respects to Sun Quan. In Jianye, Sun Quan showed Lu Kang a list of 20 offences allegedly committed by Lu Xun and questioned Lu Kang about them. He did not allow Lu Kang to meet anyone and interrogated him together with a panel of officials. Lu Kang cooperated and responded truthfully. Sun Quan's anger towards Lu Xun gradually subsided.

In 246, Lu Kang was promoted from Colonel to General of the Household (中郎將) and ordered to switch posts with Zhuge Ke – he would leave Wuchang and move to Chaisang (柴桑; around present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi) while Zhuge Ke would do vice versa. Before Lu Kang left, he had the city walls repaired and his residence renovated while leaving his fruit orchards intact. When Zhuge Ke arrived in Chaisang, he was surprised to see that Lu Kang had left behind a well-maintained residence for him. He also felt ashamed because his garrison at Chaisang was in poor condition when he departed.

In 251, Lu Kang fell sick so he went to Jianye to seek medical treatment. When his condition improved and he was preparing to leave, Sun Quan came to bid him farewell. With tears in his eyes, Sun Quan told Lu Kang: "Previously, I believed slanderous rumours and failed to understand your father's well-meaning advice. I have let you down. I have burnt all the documents containing the allegations against your father so that nobody can ever see them."

During the reigns of Sun Liang and Sun Xiu

Sun Quan died in 252 and was succeeded by his youngest son, Sun Liang, as emperor of Wu. After his coronation, Sun Liang promoted Lu Kang to the rank of General under the title "General of Vehement Might". In 257, Zhuge Dan, a general from Wu's rival state Wei, started a rebellion in Shouchun (壽春; present-day Shou County, Anhui) and requested reinforcements from Wu. Sun Liang appointed Lu Kang as the Area Commander of Chaisang (柴桑; around present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi) and ordered him to lead troops to Shouchun to support Zhuge Dan. Although the rebellion was ultimately suppressed by Wei forces, Lu Kang managed to defeat some Wei forces in battle. In recognition of his efforts, the Wu government promoted him to the position of General Who Attacks the North.

In 259, during the reign of Sun Liang's successor Sun Xiu, Lu Kang was appointed as General Who Guards the Army and placed in charge of Xiling (西陵; around present-day Yichang, Hubei). The area under his jurisdiction covered the lands from Guan Yu's Shallows to Baidicheng. Sun Xiu granted him acting imperial authority in the following year.

Early career under Sun Hao

Sun Xiu died in 264 and was succeeded by his nephew Sun Hao as the emperor of Wu. Sun Hao promoted Lu Kang to the position of Senior General Who Guards the Army and appointed him as the nominal Governor of Yi Province (益州牧) even though Yi Province was not Wu territory. After the Wu general Shi Ji died in 270, Sun Hao put Lu Kang in charge of overseeing military affairs in Xinling (信陵), Xiling (西陵), Yidao (夷道), Le District, and Gong'an counties, with his administrative centre at Le District (east of present-day Songzi, Hubei).

Proposing 17 policy changes

When Lu Kang heard that there were many flaws in the Wu government's policies, he became worried so he wrote a memorial to Sun Hao as follows: The 17 policy changes proposed by Lu Kang were lost over time.

Speaking up against corruption in the Wu government

When the official He Ding (何定) was abusing his authority and eunuchs were interfering in state affairs, Lu Kang wrote a memorial to advise Sun Hao:

Battle of Xiling

Initial stages

In 272, Bu Chan, the military commander stationed at Xiling (西陵; around present-day Yichang, Hubei), started a rebellion against Wu and wanted to defect to the Jin dynasty. When Lu Kang received news of the revolt, he immediately ordered his subordinates Zuo Yi (左奕), Wu Yan, Cai Gong (蔡貢) and others to lead separate forces and head towards Xiling via shortcuts. He instructed his men to construct defensive structures all the way from Chixi (赤谿) to Gushi (故市) to form an encirclement around Bu Chan's position, while at the same time defending the area from attacks by Jin forces. He ordered them to work day and night to complete the construction works as if the enemy had already arrived, and his soldiers were all tired and worn out.

Lu Kang's subordinates said: "With our current strength, we can attack Bu Chan and destroy him before Jin forces arrive. Why are we exhausting ourselves by constructing defensive structures instead?" Lu Kang explained: "Xiling's fortifications are very stable and it has sufficient supplies. Besides, I was the one who oversaw the construction of Xiling's defences. If we attack it now, I don't think we can conquer it easily. If Jin forces show up and we don't have adequate defensive structures, we will be trapped in between Bu Chan and Jin and have nothing to protect ourselves from the enemy." The officers repeatedly urged Lu Kang to attack Xiling but he refused. Eventually, Lei Tan (雷譚), the Administrator of Yidu Commandery, came to see Lu Kang and used kind words to persuade him to attack Xiling. To prove that he was right, Lu Kang relented and ordered an assault on Xiling. As he expected, they did not succeed in capturing the city, so his officers gave up their idea of attacking and complied with Lu Kang's orders to construct the defensive structures.

Destruction of the dyke near Jiangling

When Jin forces led by Yang Hu were approaching Jiangling County, the Wu officers advised Lu Kang against leaving Jiangling to attack Xiling, but Lu Kang said: "Jiangling's fortifications are strong and it has sufficient troops to defend it, so there is nothing to worry. Even if the enemy captures Jiangling, they won't be able to hold it for long and our losses will be minimal. However, if we lose Xiling, the tribes in the southern hills will be affected and this will lead to serious problems. I'd rather abandon Jiangling than give up on capturing Xiling. Besides, Jiangling is already very well-defended in the first place."

Jiangling was initially situated on flat lands and was a very accessible location. However, Lu Kang later ordered Zhang Xian to oversee the construction of a large dyke to block the river flow and direct its waters to flood the flat lands, so as to create a large body of water around the city to serve as a barrier to invaders. When Yang Hu arrived, he planned to make use of this barrier by transporting supplies on boats, but he spread false news that he intended to destroy the dyke to make way for his land army to pass through. When Lu Kang heard that, he saw through Yang Hu's plot and ordered Zhang Xian to destroy the dyke. Lu Kang's officers were shocked and attempted to dissuade him from doing so because they thought he would be doing the enemy a favour, but Lu Kang ignored them. When Yang Hu reached Dangyang (當陽; southwest of present-day Jingmen, Hubei), he was dismayed to hear that the dyke had been destroyed. He had no choice but to transport his supplies on land, resulting in the wasting of time and effort.

Final stages

Xu Yin (徐胤), the commander of the Jin garrison at Badong Commandery (巴東郡; around present-day Fengjie County, Chongqing), led marine forces towards Jianping (建平; around present-day Zigui County, Hubei), while Yang Zhao, the Inspector of Jing Province (also under Jin control), led troops towards Xiling. Lu Kang gave orders as such: Zhang Xian to reinforce Jiangling's defences; Sun Zun, the Commandant of Gong'an County, to patrol the south river bank and resist Yang Hu; Liu Lü (留慮) and Zhu Wan (朱琬) to guard against Xu Yin's attacks. He personally led three armies to hold off Yang Zhao with the aid of the defensive structures they constructed earlier. However, Lu Kang's subordinates Zhu Qiao (朱喬) and Yu Zan (俞贊) defected to Yang Zhao's side. Lu Kang said: "Yu Zan has been serving under me for a long time and he is very aware of my situation. He knows that the tribal soldiers in my army may be unwilling to follow my orders, so he will definitely suggest to the enemy to take advantage of this weakness." Hence, that night, Lu Kang immediately replaced the tribal soldiers in his army with other veteran soldiers whom he trusted more. The following day, as Lu Kang expected, Yang Zhao concentrated his attacks on the unit in Lu Kang's army which used to be made up of tribal soldiers, without knowing that they had been replaced. Lu Kang ordered his archers to retaliate, raining arrows on the enemy and inflicting heavy casualties.

After about a month, Yang Zhao failed to overcome Lu Kang and had run out of ideas so he withdrew his army on one night. Lu Kang wanted to pursue the enemy but he was worried that Bu Chan (who was still inside Xiling) might use the opportunity to attack him from behind, and he did not have enough troops with him. He then ordered his men to beat the drums and pretend to prepare to attack Yang Zhao's retreating forces. When Yang Zhao's men saw that, they were so terrified that they abandoned their armour and equipment and fled. Lu Kang sent a small group of lightly-armed soldiers to pursue Yang Zhao and they inflicted a crushing defeat on the enemy. Yang Hu and the other Jin generals withdrew their armies after receiving news of Yang Zhao's defeat. Lu Kang then attacked and conquered Xiling. Bu Chan, along with his family and high-ranking officers, were executed for treason, while the others, numbering over 10,000, were pardoned after Lu Kang made a request to the Wu court. Lu Kang then had Xiling's fortifications repaired before returning east to Le District (樂鄉; east of present-day Songzi, Hubei). He remained humble after his victory in Xiling and still behaved in the same manner as he did before. His humility earned him the respect and favour of his men.

Making peace with Yang Hu

The Jin Yang Qiu (晉陽秋) recorded that Lu Kang was on friendly terms with the Jin general Yang Hu even though they stood on opposing sides. Their friendship was likened to that of Zichan and Jizha during the Spring and Autumn period. Lu Kang once sent wine to Yang Hu, who drank it without showing any signs of suspicion. Later, when Lu Kang fell sick, Yang Hu sent medicine to him, which Lu Kang also took without suspecting anything. The people of that time remarked that the relationship between Lu Kang and Yang Hu was like that of Hua Yuan and Zifan during the Spring and Autumn period.

The Han Jin Chunqiu (漢晉春秋) further described this uncanny friendship between Lu Kang and Yang Hu. After returning to Jin territory, Yang Hu started promoting morality and civility, and many Wu citizens were impressed with him. Lu Kang told the Wu forces stationed at the Wu-Jin border: "If they govern with virtue and we administer our state like tyrants, we will lose the war without even having to fight. I hope that you can guard the border well and not stir up problems over trivial matters." The Wu-Jin border experienced peace and stability as both sides actively practised détente and got along harmoniously with each other. If cattle from one side accidentally strayed across the border, the other side would allow the owners to cross the border and retrieve their cattle. During hunting expeditions at the border, if the citizens of either side were injured, the other would send them home safely. When Lu Kang fell sick, he asked for medicine from Yang Hu. Yang Hu obliged and said: "This medicine is of fine quality. I prepared it myself. I haven't tried it myself when I heard that you are ill so I sent it to you." Lu Kang's subordinates cautioned him against taking Yang Hu's medicine because they were worried that Yang Hu might harm him, but Lu Kang ignored them. When the Wu emperor Sun Hao received news of peaceful relations between Wu and Jin, he sent a messenger to reprimand Lu Kang, but Lu Kang replied: "Ordinary peasants in the countryside have to keep their promises, much less me, a government official. If I do not live the virtues, I will appear as a stark contrast to Yang Hu. This does not result in any harm to Yang Hu." However, there were some people who disagreed with the behaviour of Lu Kang and Yang Hu, as they believed that the two men were not fulfilling their loyalties to their respective states.

Xi Zuochis commentary

Xi Zuochi, author of the Han Jin Chunqiu, commented on this issue as follows:

Later career

Speaking up against cruel and harsh laws

After the Battle of Xiling, Lu Kang was promoted to Protector-General (都護). When he heard that Xue Ying, the Left Commandant of Wuchang, had been imprisoned, he wrote a memorial to Sun Hao:

Advising Sun Hao against waging war on Jin

When battles were constantly waged between Wu and Jin and the people were suffering in those times of war, Lu Kang wrote another memorial to Sun Hao:

Final advice to Sun Hao

In 273, Lu Kang was appointed as Grand Marshal and Governor of Jing Province (荊州牧). He fell sick in the summer of 274. During that time, he wrote a memorial to Sun Hao:

Descendants

Lu Kang died in the autumn of 274 sometime between 20 August and 17 September. His son, Lu Yan (陸晏), inherited his titles. Lu Yan and his younger brothers – Lu Jing (陸景), Lu Xuan (陸玄), Lu Ji (陸機) and Lu Yun (陸雲) – shared command of their father's troops and served as generals in Wu. Lu Kang also had another son, Lu Dan (陸耽), who was younger than Lu Yun.

Lu Yan was commissioned as a Major-General and he served as the commander of Yidao (夷道). In 280, the Jin dynasty launched a campaign against Eastern Wu. The Jin general Wang Jun led a naval fleet and sailed east towards Wu along the Yangtze River, capturing all the Wu territories along the way, just as Lu Kang had foreseen when he urged Sun Hao to strengthen the defences on Wu's western border. Lu Yan was killed in a battle against Wang Jun's forces on 22 March 280.

Lu Jing served as a general in Wu and was also killed in action during the Jin conquest of Wu. Lu Ji, Lu Yun and Lu Dan all came to serve the Jin dynasty after the fall of Wu. They were all executed along with their families during the War of the Eight Princes.

Appraisal

Chen Shou, who wrote Lu Kang's biography in the Sanguozhi, commented on Lu Kang as follows: "Lu Kang was loyal and faithful to his state, and was very capable and talented, much like his father. He had excellent moral conduct worthy of praise. He was also able to handle the overall situation well without neglecting details. He was thus able to accomplish such great tasks!"