生平

1845年（道光二十五年）九月廿二日，許景澄出生于浙江嘉興府城東甪里街附近祖宅。1868年（同治七年，23歲）進士，選庶吉士，授翰林院編修。景澄深諳時事，經由大學士文祥以其才可任使節，向上推薦。光緒六年（1880年），召命其出使日本，因父喪丁憂，未能成行。守喪結束後，補授侍講。光緒十年（1884年），許景澄出使法、德、意、荷、奧五國。次年，兼任駐比利時公使。出使期間，負責勘驗、接收「定遠」等艦，並親赴造船廠調查，撰成《外國師船表》，疏清朝廷，建議加強海防。

光緒十六年（1890年），再任出使俄、德、奧、荷四國大臣。十八年（1892年），任光祿寺卿，十九年調內閣學士兼禮部侍郎銜，俄國出兵佔據帕米爾地區薩雷闊勒嶺以西二萬平方公里中國領土，許被清政府派為談判代表，駁斥俄國侵略行徑，不得要領。二十一年(1895年)任工部左侍郎。二十三年（1897年），許任德國使臣時，奉清政府命，力阻俄國西伯利亞鐵道經中國領土向南延伸。二十四年（1898年），任總理各國事務衙門大臣兼工部左侍郎，兼任中東鐵路公司督辦；二十五年改吏部右侍郎旋遷左侍郎，又充京師大學堂（今北京大學）總教習，管學大臣。二十六年（1900年），義和團興起，許力阻義和團駐京。八國聯軍攻陷大沽砲台後，清政府利用義和團力量，並派出官兵攻打外國使館，許與徐用儀、袁昶等反對依仗拳民神功對外宣戰，力諫剿拳民，誅縱匪禍首，以退洋兵。

許冒死上書慈禧說：「攻殺使臣，中外皆無成案。」慈禧大怒，許景澄被定「任意妄奏」、「語多離間」罪名；7月28日，與袁昶被斬首於北京菜市口。宣統元年，追諡文肅。

紀念

許景澄與袁昶、徐用儀並稱「三忠」，在杭州西湖建有三忠祠。

Early life and career

Xu Jingcheng was born in 1845 in Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, and received his jinshi degree after the 1868 imperial examination. He began his civil service as a bureaucrat in the Hanlin Academy serving as the Bachelor of the six offices of Scrutiny (翰林院庶吉士), a compiler (翰林院編修), and an Academician Expositor-in-waiting (翰林院侍講)until 1884.

As a compiler, he was a keen analyst of foreign and current affairs and was first promoted and appointed as envoy to Japan but failed to journey abroad due to the death of his father and his responsibilities as the eldest son in filial mourning. The end of the mourning period allowed Xu to begin his diplomatic service, succeeding Li Fengbao, first as the Envoy to France, Italy, the Netherlands, Austria, and Germany (1884–1885), and then as the first Qing Envoy to Belgium while also concurrently accredited to France and Germany from 1885 to 1890. During this time, he was charged with inspecting and receiving the new Chinese turret ship Dingyuan 定遠, a pre-dreadnought battleship and flagship of the Beiyang Fleet, manufactured by German shipbuilders AG Vulcan Stettin. He wrote an Encyclopedia of Foreign Ships and recommended the modernization of the Qing fleet. Until 1892, Xu was envoy to Russia, Austria, the Netherlands, and Germany.

In 1890, he was recalled to Beijing and was appointed the Grand Secretariat (內閣學士) and Attendant Gentleman of the Ministry of Rites (禮部侍郎銜). In 1895, he was promoted as the Senior Vice Minister of Department of Public Works (工部左侍郎), one of the six top ministries of Qing China. During this time, he remained active in diplomacy, serving in various foreign delegations and as Envoy to Germany in 1897 and as the head minister of the Zongli Yamen (Office of Foreign Affairs) from 1895 to 1899. His foreign service also allowed him to serve as an intermediary with foreign railway companies and governments and he was charged with the modernization of major railways in China's industrializing northeast as the president of the Chinese Eastern Railway from January 1897 until his death. His final promotion as the Senior Vice Minister of Ministry of Personnel (吏部) 右侍郎旋遷左侍郎 also made Xu the Minister of Education and Superintendent of the Imperial University of Peking (now Peking University), posts he served until his execution in 1900.

Execution

A Roman Catholic, Xu was marked with suspicion in the lead up to the Boxer Rebellion. The anti-Christian, anti-foreign, and anti-imperialist movement converged on Beijing in June 1900 after months of violence in Shandong and the North China plain, forcing diplomats, foreigners, and Chinese Christians into the Legation Quarter. Xu, a liberal in the Qing court sided with five other members of the Imperial court, supported a diplomatic resolution and was opposed to an alliance with the Boxer fighters in a war against the foreign powers represented in the Legation Quarter. Along with Hsu Yung-yi, President of the Board of War (Ministry of War); Li Shan, President of the Board of Works (Ministry of Public Works); Lien Yuan, Vice-Chancellor of the Grand Council; and Yuan Chang, Vice-President of the Court of Sacrifices (Ministry of Rites), Xu issued a recommendation to Empress Cixi protesting the breaches of international law and urging the repression of the Boxers, the execution of Boxer leaders, and a diplomatic settlement with foreign armies. In his own written memorial (petition) to Cixi, Xu wrote, "the evasion of extraterritoriality rights and the killing of foreign diplomats are unprecedented in China and abroad." Cixi, outraged, sentenced Xu to death for "willfully and absurdly petitioning the Imperial Court" and "building subversive thought" and was executed on July 28, 1900. His severed head was placed on display at Caishikou Execution Grounds in Beijing.

Legacy

Xu Jingcheng is memorialized, along with Yuan Xu (Yuan Chang) and Xu Yongyi (Hsu Yung-yi) at Hangzhou's West Lake where a memorial commemorates the three Qing court officials as loyal officials.

Roman Catholic influence

During his diplomatic career, Xu was also the mentor of the future Premier and Minister of Foreign Affairs of China, Lou Tseng-Tsiang, and was instrumental in Lou's conversion to Roman Catholicism from Protestantism. Xu, as envoy to Russia took an early interest in Lou, a polyglot, in 1893 when he was posted to St Petersburg as an interpreter (fourth-class) to the Chinese embassy. During this time, Lou became increasingly religious under Xu Jingcheng's influence and instructions: Europe's strength is found not in her armaments, nor in her knowledge — it is found in her religion .... Observe the Christian faith. When you have grasped its heart and its strength, take them and give them to China. The execution of Xu during the Boxer Rebellion paved the way for Lou's service as the Qing delegate at the first and second Peace Conferences in The Hague (1899 and 1907), and as Minister to Belgium and Ambassador to Russia, roles previously held by Xu. Lou referred to Xu as his "second father" and never forgot his execution under the Qing court. When the 1911 Revolution broke out while Lou was Ambassador in St Petersburg, he took it upon himself, against the advice of his colleagues at other European capitals, to cable Beijing that there could be no hope of assistance from the Great Powers. At the death of his wife Lou retired from an active life, and in 1927 became a postulant, under the name Dom Pierre-Célestin, in the Benedictine monastery of Sint-Andries in Bruges, Belgium. He was ordained priest in 1935. In his later years, Lou Tseng-Tsiang hoped to return to China as a missionary to fulfill the instructions Xu Jingcheng had given him at the beginning of his career but his planned departure was postponed during the Chinese Civil War, and Dom Lou died in Belgium on 15 January 1949.

Publications

See here for a complete list of Xu's publications.

• Pami'er tu shuo (帕米爾圖說)

• Xu Wensu gong wai ji (許文肅公外集)

• Xu Wensu gong ri ji (許文肅公日記)

• Xu Wensu gong shu zha (許文肅公書札)

• Xu Zhuyun xian sheng chu shi han gao (許竹篔先生出使函稿)

In 2015, Zhu Jiaying (朱家英) published a book of Xu's collected works titled Xu Jingcheng ji (許景澄集).