生平

其部落原來是元朝在牡丹江西岸斡朵里（依蘭附近）設立的五萬戶之一斡朵里萬戶。據史書記載，努爾哈赤的先人可追溯到元朝的童揮厚。他是元末斡朵里萬戶府的萬戶，兼管鷹事，參與鎮壓「吾者野人」發動的叛亂。正因如此，他與「吾者野人」結下深仇大恨，在「吾者野人」強大的攻勢下，其子率部遷至圖們江外居住，洪武五年（1372年），宿敵兀狄哈達乙麻赤再次進襲，迫使斡朵里部部眾逃到圖們江南岸的阿木河地區。

1388年，明太祖與原元代遼陽行省五個女真萬戶府中的三部（胡里改部、托溫部、斡朵里部）取得聯繫，建立對付蒙古（北元）的同盟。三部女真從今黑龍江依蘭縣沿松花江和牡丹江遷居到圖們江流域，即琿春一帶到朝鮮慶源、鏡城一帶。這地方元代屬奚關總管府。明洪武二十五年（1392年）三月，接受朝鮮授予他的「上萬戶」。明成祖永樂元年（1403年），以胡里改部屬地設置建州衛，位于今綏芬河流域，以胡里改部首領阿哈出（賜名李承善）為指揮使。孟特穆以機敏著稱，永樂四年（1406年），在阿哈出的推薦下，授孟特穆為建州衛都指揮使（被朝鮮稱建州衛斡朵里），賜姓童，由此逐漸形成建州女真。

永樂九年（1411年），「猛哥貼木兒嘗侵慶源，畏其見伐，徙于鳳州。」鳳州又稱房州（今黑龍江省東寧縣大城子古城）。永樂十年（1412年），明朝政府以斡朵里部建立建州左衛，猛哥帖木兒為建州左衛首任指揮使，因而引起朝鮮的不滿。猛哥帖木兒在1412年－1433年任建州左衛指揮使，永樂十四年（1416年），明朝政府正式設建州左衛于鳳州，委任猛哥帖木兒專管建州左衛事宜。永樂二十年（1424年），率部至北京朝貢，跟隨明成祖北征蒙古阿魯台。永樂二十二年（1424年），與建州衛遷往婆豬江的同時，猛哥貼木兒率部眾遷回朝鮮境內阿木河舊居地。宣德元年（1426年），晉升為都督僉事。宣德八年（1433年），晉升為右都督，他幫助明朝遼東都指揮裴俊擊退楊木答兀和七姓女真三百人的圍攻。楊木答兀勾引嫌真兀狄哈首領弗答哈，葛多介前來襲擊城寨，殺死猛哥帖木兒和長子阿古等人。

猛哥帖木兒是充善的父親，錫寶齊篇古的祖父，福滿的曾祖父，覺昌安的高祖父，塔克世的五世祖，清太祖努爾哈赤的六世祖。1636年5月16日（清崇德元年四月乙亥朔十二日丙戌），皇太極追尊他為澤王。1648年12月18日（清順治五年十一月辛酉朔五日乙丑），順治帝追謚他為原皇帝（ᡩᠠᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ|z=da hvwangdi)，廟號肇祖（ᡩᡝᡵᡳᠪᡠᡥᡝᠮᠠᡶᠠ|z=deribuhe mafa)。

史書中的猛哥帖木兒先世

成書于1395年（明洪武二十八年）李氏朝鮮的《龍飛御天歌》記載愛新覺羅家族直系祖先吾都里部酋長猛哥帖木兒南遷以前的情形。

《滿洲實錄》記載了猛哥帖木兒祖上范嗏倖免于難的傳說，與朝鮮史籍的有關記載大體吻合。但傳說中僥倖逃脫的樊察是幼兒，與猛哥帖木兒的異母弟凡察（一說猛哥帖木兒叔叔包奇之子，又與猛哥帖木兒同母）同名。凡察（弟）在斡朵里（吾都里）部內地位僅次于猛哥帖木兒的酋長。

滿洲人的始祖從愛新覺羅布庫里雍順開始不斷的從黑龍江松花江流域往南遷移。到了猛哥帖木兒和凡察（弟）的年代已經遷至今烏蘇里江東南和朝鮮半島東北部的會寧一帶。明朝和朝鮮史書都多有涉及這一區域的女真人部落。

建州左衛與孟特穆

女真胡里改部屬地設置建州衛，位于今綏芬河流域，與胡里改部一同南下歸附明朝的的斡朵里部建立建州左衛，孟特穆為第一任指揮使，初期屬地在烏蘇里江東寧古塔和朝鮮半島東北部圖們江兩岸（今會寧一帶）。會寧地方一直有傳說：青蛙與水獺娶土豪女生努爾哈赤或其祖先。

當時建州左衛的兵力分三，中軍由猛哥帖本兒自己統帥，左軍由其弟凡察（一說猛哥帖木兒叔叔包奇之子，又與猛哥帖木兒同母）統帥，右軍則由長子阿古統帥。

明朝宣德八年（1433年），明遼東都指揮裴俊前往斡木河，去接回被忽刺溫女真虜掠的人口，奉命配合這次行動的猛哥帖木兒和其長子阿古，在激戰中負傷陣亡。阿古的妻子和弟弟充善被楊木答兀掠去，後經毛憐衛指揮哈兒禿贖回。阿古之妻後生一遺腹子，改嫁建州衛的李滿住。

1440年，凡察和猛哥帖木兒的次子查山（清人謂之充善）『畏兀狄哈擄掠，又乏資財，將至餓死』，只好率領餘部從朝鮮會寧西遷遼東。同行的300餘戶，另有百餘戶留居當地。途中克服種種困難，最後遷至渾河上游的蘇子河，與先期遷到當地的李滿住部重新會聚到一起。防禦外來侵擾的共同需要促使建州衛與建州左衛的凋散部落再度走向聯合，使親屑部落間的傳統關係又有了新發展。

祖先

• 布庫里雍順

延伸閱讀

Career

In 1388, the Hongwu Emperor established contact with three tribes of the Jianzhou Jurchens, the Odoli, Huligai and Tuowen and attempted to enlist them as allies against the Mongols. There was a general migration south of the various Jurchen groups around the start of the 15th century and the three tribes established themselves around the Tumen River (near the modern border of China, Russia and North Korea). Not long afterwards, the various Jurchens began accepting Ming titles from the Yongle Emperor as the Military Commanders of the three Wei, namely Jianzhou Wei, Jianzhou Left Wei and Jianzhou Right Wei. The Wei was military unit composed of 5 Suo, and each Suo was staffed with 1100 soldiers. As Military Commanders of Wei, they were required to go to Beijing every year to pay tribute to the Emperor.

In 1395, he visited the Joseon court to present tribute to the Taejo of Joseon. As a result, in 1404, he was awarded an honorary military position by the Koreans.

During this time, the Ming court frequently sent envoys to local chieftains to persuade local chieftains to recognize the suzerainty of the Ming emperor, however Möngke Temür did not respond. This was to the delight of the Korean court and in 1405, he was nominated to be a myriarch under the Korean king. In April 1405, a Ming envoy of Jurchen origin Wang Jiaohuati, was sent to Korea to persuade the Korean king along with Möngke Temür to enter into tributary relations with the Ming.

Ahacu, later also known as Li Sicheng, chief of the Huligai, became commander of the Jianzhou Wei (建州衛) in 1403, named after a Yuan Dynasty political unit in the area. Möngke Temür of the Odoli became leader of the Jianzhou Left Wei and accepted the Chinese surname of Tóng not long afterward.

The Koreans tried to persuade Möngke Temür to reject the Ming dynasty's overtures, but was unsuccessful since Möngke Temür submitted to the Ming. The Korean king ordered Möngke Temür not to comply with the request of Ming, he first complied with this order only to capitulate, visiting Nanjing in September 1405, leaving with an appointment as regional commissioner.

In the following years, the Jurchen tribes along with Möngke Temür's Odoli tribe fought skirmishes and battles with the Koreans. With the constant insecurity in the presence of the Koreans, Meng and his followers migrated westward, settling in May 1411 in Fengzhou, in the valley of the Hoifa river, an affluent of the Sunggari river, where the Jianzhou guard under Šigiyanu (Li Xianzhong) was located.

Here the Ming government would establish the Jianzhou Left Guard from the existing Jianzhou guard with Möngke Temür as the regional commander of the new guard.

During this time, the Yongle Emperor began frequently sending expeditionary forces towards the Mongols, Möngke Temür and his followers would take part in one such expedition in 1422. With the threat of retaliatory invasions of the Mongols and the growing dominance of Möngke Temür, Li Manzhu, and his followers, who numbered more than six thousand were forced to leave Fengzhou and head back to Womuho in 1423.

After his return, Möngke Temür decided that the best policy of self-preservation would be to serve both Ming and Korean interests. In 1426, he visited Beijing and was awarded a promotion as assistant commissioner in chief. His half brother Fanca visited Beijing in 1432, presented tribute, and was promoted to assistant commissioner. In 1432, Möngke Temür visited Beijing again and was promoted to commissioner in chief while Fanca was made a regional commissioner. Starting in 1427, Möngke Temür had begun sending his eldest son Agu to visit the Korean court with the hopes that Agu would become a royal bodyguard in Korea.

On November 30, 1433, Möngke Temür and his son Agu were killed in a riot led by Yang Mutawuta, a Jurchen battalion commander from a different tribe in the area of Kaiyuan. Yang Mutawuta had followed Mongke Temur and his son.