生平

妒害同僚

相傳與孫臏同拜于隱士鬼谷子門下，龐涓在魏國被拜為將軍，引孫臏入魏國，向魏王推薦他，卻恐其賢於己，因而誣陷孫臏罪名，處以臏刑和黥刑，砍去了孫臏的雙足，並在其臉上刺青，因為古時這樣的罪犯被士大夫所輕視，基本上不能任官。孫臏於是逃奔齊國，在齊國獲得田忌的賞識，擔任其軍師。

桂陵之戰

魏惠王十六年（公元前354年），魏惠王使龐涓攻趙，龐涓圍攻邯鄲，趙求救於齊國。齊威王採納段幹朋的建議，兵分兩路，一路齊軍攻擊魏國的襄陵，一路由田忌、孫臏援救。孫臏採用「圍魏救趙」的戰術，攻擊魏國首都大梁（今河南開封），迫使龐涓回防。齊兵在桂陵（今河南長垣）伏襲，大敗魏軍，龐涓被齊兵所俘，史稱桂陵之戰，而後魏惠王趕緊與韓國聯軍，反攻襄陵（今山西襄汾），是為襄陵之戰，齊兵失敗。齊國請楚國大將景舍調停，不久，魏惠王與趙成侯結盟，魏軍撤離邯鄲，最後齊國退兵，孫臏把龐涓釋放回魏國。

逢澤會盟

魏惠王二十四年（公元前346年），魏惠王在逢澤會盟諸侯，接著率領諸侯朝見周天子。但這遭到了韓國和齊、楚等大國的抵制，只有趙肅侯、秦國公子少官和泗上的一些小諸侯來參加。

馬陵身死

魏惠王二十八年（公元前342年），魏惠王派穰疵攻打韓國，在梁赫打敗了韓國的孔夜，史稱「南梁之難」。韓國向齊國求救。齊威王向大臣們詢問應當及早救韓還是推遲救韓。張丏認為如果晚救韓，韓國必將轉而投靠魏國，不如早救韓；田忌則認為趁韓、魏之兵還未疲憊就出兵，等于代替韓軍遭受魏軍的攻擊，反而會受制于韓，不如晚救韓等待魏軍疲憊，韓國危在旦夕一定會求救于齊國，這樣可以名利雙收。齊威王十分贊同田忌的觀點，秘密與韓國使者達成協議，但沒有立即派出援軍援助韓國。而韓國自恃有齊國的援助，與魏國作戰接連五次戰敗，不得不求救于齊國。齊威王于是派田忌、田盼為主將，田嬰為副將，孫臏為軍師，率軍援助韓國。

孫臏再次採用圍魏救趙的戰術，率軍襲擊魏國首都大梁。龐涓急忙從韓國撤回魏國，但齊軍此時已向西進軍。孫臏採用誘敵深入的戰術，用「增兵減灶」之計，引誘魏軍進入埋伏圈後加以殲滅：孫臏命令進入魏國境內的齊軍第一天埋設十萬個做飯的灶，第二天減為五萬個，第三天減為三萬個。龐涓行軍三天查看齊軍留下的灶後非常高興，說：「我本來就知道齊軍怯懦，進入魏國境內才三天，齊國士兵就已經逃跑了一大半。」于是丟下步兵，率精銳騎兵追擊齊軍。孫臏估算龐涓天黑能行進至馬陵，馬陵道路狹窄，兩旁又多是峻隘險阻，孫臏于是命士兵砍去道旁大樹的樹皮，露出白木，在樹上寫上「龐涓死于此樹之下」，然後命令一萬名弓弩手埋伏在馬陵道兩旁，約定「天黑能在此處看到有火光就萬箭齊發」。龐涓果然當晚趕到砍去樹皮的大樹下，見到白木上寫著字，于是點火查看。字還沒讀完，齊軍伏兵萬箭齊發，魏軍大亂。龐涓自知敗局已定，于是拔劍自刎，臨死前說道：「遂成豎子之名！」齊軍乘勝追擊，殲滅魏軍10萬人，俘斬魏國主將太子申。經此一戰魏國元氣大傷，從此每況愈下，而齊國則稱霸東方，史稱馬陵之戰。

後世紀念

龐涓墓

今存龐涓墓，位于山東省淄博市淄川區將軍路街道辦事處將軍頭村東處。

文學形象

長篇歷史小說《東周列國志》中，龐涓于第八十七回《說秦君衛鞅變法 辭鬼谷孫臏下山》中登場，與孫臏（原名孫賓）都是鬼谷子的弟子。龐涓急于下山出仕，孫賓為其送行，二人流淚而別。次日夜晚，鬼谷子將失傳的《孫子兵法》交給孫賓習誦，三日後孫賓學成。龐涓出仕于魏國，在王錯的推薦下擔任魏國元帥，建立戰功。墨翟遊歷至魏國時，向魏惠王推薦孫賓。魏惠王于是命龐涓寫下書信，攜帶厚禮前往鬼谷迎接孫賓。鬼谷子推算出孫賓日後有劫難，于是讓孫賓改名為孫臏。在第八十八回《孫臏佯狂脫禍 龐涓兵敗桂陵》中，魏惠王想要試探孫臏的才能，命孫龐二人演練陣法。龐涓所布陣法，孫臏全部知曉並能破解。而孫臏布陣，龐涓卻不知。龐涓于是私下詢問孫臏，孫臏告知他後龐涓先行報告給魏惠王。魏惠王又問孫臏，得到相同的答案，于是認為二人才能不相上下。但龐涓深知孫臏才能遠勝于自己，于是設計陷害孫臏私通齊國，將孫臏處以臏刑和黥刑，事後又假裝好人，治癒照顧孫臏，誘騙他寫出《孫子兵法》及註解。孫臏在侍從的告知下得知真相，用裝瘋賣傻的方法欺騙龐涓。在淳于髡和禽滑釐的幫助下，孫臏逃奔至齊國寄居于田忌門下，龐涓以為孫臏已經投井自殺，沒有追查。魏惠王命龐涓攻打趙國，奪回中山，龐涓獻策直接攻打邯鄲來迫使趙國割地，魏惠王于是命龐涓率兵車五百進攻趙國。趙成侯將中山國故地獻給齊國，請求齊國出兵援助。齊威王命田忌為將、孫臏為軍師救援趙國。戰場上田忌布下「顛倒八門陣」，在孫臏的指導下，龐涓破陣失敗，損失兩萬人。龐涓得知孫臏未死，于是連夜撤兵，齊國取得桂陵之戰的勝利。鄒忌嫉妒田忌、孫臏的戰功，又收受了龐涓的賄賂，于是派公孫閱陷害田忌，田忌于是交出兵權、孫臏也辭去軍師一職來消除齊威王的懷疑。齊威王死後，齊宣王繼位，得知田忌的冤情，將二人官複原職。其餘記載與《史記》基本相同。

此外，明末清初的吳門嘯客所著歷史小說《孫龐鬥志演義》，以《史記·孫子吳起列傳》為藍本，夾雜以歷代說部、戲曲的演繹，中間穿插了不少神怪小說內容，使孫龐鬥智的故事深入人心。

影視形象

楊麗花歌仔戲《孫臏下山》中，由楊麗花飾演孫臏，陳亞蘭飾演龐涓，闞水源則飾演鄭安平。

1988年上映的TVB電視劇《奇門鬼谷》中，龐涓由黃日華飾演。

1999年上映的長篇電視劇《東周列國戰國篇》中，龐涓由李顯剛飾演。

2000年上映的電視劇《孫子兵法與三十六計》中，龐涓由楊洪武飾演。

2011年上映的電影《戰國》中，龐涓由吳鎮宇飾演。

相關條目

• 兵家

• 鬼谷子

• 孫臏

• 桂陵之戰

• 馬陵之戰

• 圍魏救趙

• 孫龐鬥智演義

註釋

Life

Early life

Pang Juan was a fellow student of Sun Bin and both of them studied military strategy together under the tutelage of the hermit Guiguzi. They developed a close friendship and became sworn brothers, while studying in seclusion with their teacher in mountainous regions. Pang left and ventured to the Wei state when he heard that King Hui of Wei was recruiting men of talent to serve him. Pang impressed the king with his proposals on policies to strengthen the Wei state and boldly asserted that he had the ability to help Wei conquer the other six major rival states. The king appointed Pang Juan as a military general and put him in charge of Wei's military forces. Pang led the Wei armies to victories in battles against smaller states such as Song, Lu and Zheng and became a highly respected figure in Wei.

Rivalry with Sun Bin

Pang invited Sun Bin to join him in serving the Wei state later but he was actually secretly jealous of Sun because Sun learnt more from their teacher than him. Pang Juan framed Sun Bin on charges of treason later and reported Sun to King Hui. The king believed Pang and was furious, that he ordered Sun Bin to be executed. Pang pretended to plead for mercy on Sun's behalf and the king agreed to spare Sun's life. Sun was condemned to face-tattooing (criminal branding) and had his kneecaps removed, becoming a cripple. Pang pretended to take pity on Sun and tried to trick him to compile his knowledge about military strategy into a book and kill him later. But some servants told Sun Bin the truth and Sun Bin discovered Pang's true intentions and feigned madness. Sun escaped from Wei with the help of officials from the Qi state and became an important strategist and statesman in Qi later.

Defeat and death

A struggle between Pang Juan and Sun Bin began, as each of them led his respective state's armies to attack the other. Pang Juan led the Wei army to attack the Zhao state and Zhao requested help from the Qi state. Sun Bin led the Qi army together with Tian Ji and proposed the strategy of "besieging Wei to rescue Zhao", luring Pang Juan to turn back to save Wei from the Qi army, hence lifting the siege on Zhao. At the Battle of Guiling, Pang Juan's forces were defeated in an ambush by Sun Bin's army. Pang led the Wei army to attack the Han state later and Sun Bin led the Qi forces to invade Wei to save Han. Sun used a strategy to lure Pang Juan's army to follow the Qi army by feigning defeat. Pang fell for the ruse and trailed Sun, where he noticed that the Qi army was apparently shrinking in size. Pang was eager to defeat Sun Bin and he led a light cavalry unit in pursuit, but fell into an ambush by the Qi army in a narrow valley at the Battle of Maling. The Wei army suffered a crushing defeat and the Wei crown prince was captured by Qi forces, while Pang Juan committed suicide. In traditional folklore, Sun Bin carved the words "Pang Juan dies under this tree" on a tree at the ambush area. When Pang and his men arrived, he saw that there were carvings on the tree so he lit a torch for a closer look. At that moment, the Qi troops lying in ambush attacked and Pang Juan committed suicide under that very tree.

Legacy

Pang Juan sometimes appears as a door god in Chinese and Taoist temples, usually paired with Sun Bin.