世系

出身世家大族，割據一方的高祖梁統曾和竇融一起歸順漢光武帝劉秀，且其曾祖父梁竦為漢和帝外公，梁氏一族曾在章帝時期被竇氏一族陷害，其父親為梁商，有一妹梁妠，是漢順帝的貴人，之後被立為皇后。

生平

梁冀平日說話時含糊不清，但擅長寫作和籌算。梁冀曾出任黃門侍郎、侍中、虎賁中郎將、越騎校尉、步兵校尉、執金吾。擔任執金吾期間的某年陰曆正月初一，梁冀以生病為由不上朝。結果梁冀被司隸校尉楊雄懲辦，皇帝下詔讓梁冀拿出二月俸來贖罪。永和元年（136年）梁冀成為河南尹。漢順帝時因梁妠的關係，梁商成為輔政的大將軍，梁氏一族左右國政。洛陽令呂放曾在梁商面前指出梁冀的缺點，事後梁商批評了梁冀。梁冀於是派人刺殺呂放。梁冀害怕梁商得知內情，於是表示兇手是呂放的仇人。梁冀還推薦呂放的弟弟呂禹出任洛陽令，並讓他逮捕呂放的仇家，呂放仇家的親戚、賓客等共計一百多人因此而死。

141年梁冀代父親成為大將軍，順帝死後，2歲的沖帝即位不久就去世。太尉李固主張立年長有德的清河王劉蒜為帝，梁冀與其妹梁太后卻立了劉蒜的堂弟、8歲的樂安王子劉纘為質帝。因質帝當面稱梁冀為「跋扈將軍」，次年即被梁冀弒君毒害。李固、司徒胡廣、司空趙戒、大司農杜喬等又以劉蒜年長有德行，血統又近，議立其為新帝。中常侍曹騰曾拜見劉蒜卻不被禮待，因此對梁冀說：「清河王嚴明，一旦得立，將軍就要受禍了，只能擁立蠡吾侯才能長保富貴。」十五歲的蠡吾侯劉志是梁冀另一個妹妹梁女瑩的丈夫，當時正在京城。于是曹騰與梁冀合謀立劉志。次日大會公卿時，梁冀意氣凶凶，胡廣、趙戒以下官員都害怕，說只聽大將軍的，只有李固和杜喬堅持，梁冀厲聲罷會。李固以為可以憑藉眾人心意立劉蒜，又寫信勸說梁冀。梁冀更生氣了，說服太后罷免李固，立劉志，史稱漢桓帝，梁女瑩遂為皇后。梁冀並指使宦官唐衡、左悺告訴桓帝李固和杜喬反對他登基，讓桓帝厭惡二人。有人擁立劉蒜事敗，劉蒜被貶自殺，梁冀趁機指使有司牽連李固、杜喬，終將二人殺害並暴尸。此後他更加專擅朝政，結黨營私，且大封梁氏一門為侯為官。

延熹二年（159年）8月9日，梁皇后（梁女瑩）逝世。梁冀想收養漢桓帝寵妃貴人鄧猛為自己的養女，並改鄧猛姓為梁，好讓鄧猛當上皇后，並鞏固梁家外戚地位。時鄧猛姐夫邴尊為議郎，邴尊不喜歡梁冀。梁冀擔心邴尊和鄧猛母親反對改姓，于是派人刺殺邴尊，邴尊被殺後，梁冀又想殺。的家在延熹里，正好和中常侍袁赦是鄰居。梁冀的刺客登上袁赦家的屋頂，準備進入的家。被袁赦發現，袁赦鳴鼓會眾並告訴。立刻把此事向漢桓帝匯報，漢桓帝大怒，于是和宦官單超、徐璜、具瑗、左悺、唐衡等五人合謀消滅梁冀。梁冀也對單超等人不放心，於是派中黃門張惲前往宮中過夜。結果黃門令具瑗以圖謀不軌為由派人將張惲逮捕。9月9日，漢桓帝派具瑗率領廄騶騎士、虎賁、羽林軍、左右都候屬下的劍戟衛士，共有千餘名士兵與司隸校尉張彪一同包圍梁冀宅邸，並讓光祿勳袁盱收繳梁冀大將軍印綬，降封梁冀為「比景都鄉侯」（封地位於日南郡比景縣），梁冀自知已經走投無路，當天與妻孫壽一起自殺。梁冀夫婦二人的家族除了梁冀私生子梁伯玉以外全遭處死棄市，牽連被殺者數十人，另外免職者三百餘人。其家產沒收變賣總共超過三十億兩，相當與當時東漢政府一年租稅收入的一半。

家族

祖先

• 高祖父梁統

• 曾祖父梁竦

• 祖父梁雍

• 父梁商 - 任大將軍。

兄弟

• 長姐梁田

• 弟梁不疑 - 潁陽侯，與梁冀不和。

• 弟梁蒙 - 西平侯，與梁冀不和。

• 妹梁妠 - 漢順帝皇后。

• 妹梁女瑩 - 漢桓帝皇后。

妻兒

• 妻孫壽

　• 嫡子梁胤 - 河南尹，被誅。

• 妾友通期 - 被孫壽所殺。

　• 庶子梁伯玉

部下

• 張奐，東漢軍事將領，敦煌郡淵泉縣人。

影視形象

• 《八歲龍爺鬧東京》，徐錦江 飾

Family background and early career

Liang Ji was the oldest son of Liang Shang (梁商) -- an honest official who was also the Marquess of Chengshi, being a grandson of a brother of Consort Liang, the mother of Emperor He. Liang Ji's younger sister, Liang Na, became Emperor Shun's consort in 128, and was created empress in March 132.

After Empress Liang became empress, Emperor Shun entrusted her father Liang Shang with great power. In 133, Emperor Shun offered to create Liang Ji a marquess, but Liang Shang humbly declined that honor on his son's behalf. In 135, Emperor Shun made Liang Shang Grand Marshal, over his own repeated objection. Liang Shang was a mild-mannered and honest man, although lacking in abilities. He did, however, trust other capable and honest officials, and during his term of office, the political scene was a lot cleaner than before.

It was probably during this time that Liang Ji married his wife, Sun Shou. She was often described by traditional historians as a temptress who was able to induce Liang to be devoted to her sexually (although somewhat contradictorily, the traditional historians also described both heterosexual and homosexual affairs for Liang Ji, including one with his servant Qin Gong, who was described as having a ménage à trois-type relationship with both Liang and Sun), and she was described to have invented a good number of sexually explicit clothing items.

In 136, because both his father and his brother-in-law trusted him, Liang Ji was made the mayor of the capital Luoyang. However, what neither of them knew was that Liang Ji was violent, corrupt, and treacherous. On one occasion, one of Liang Shang's trusted advisors, Lü Fang, the magistrate for Luoyang County (one of the subdivisions of the Luoyang municipality of which Liang Ji was mayor) warned Liang Shang about Liang Ji's corruption, and Liang Shang rebuked his son. Liang Ji then sent assassins out and killed Lü, but appeared to be so mournful about it that he recommended Lü's brother Lü Yu to succeed Lü Fang and permitted Lü Yu to arrest and execute all who were suspected in the assassination, leading to the deaths of hundreds of people.

As Grand Marshal under Emperor Shun

In September 141, Liang Shang died. Liang Ji inherited his march. Later that year, Emperor Shun made him Grand Marshal, succeeding his father, and made his younger brother Liang Buyi (梁不疑) -- an honest and humble man, relative to his brother—mayor of Luoyang. As Grand Marshal, Liang Ji gradually eliminated the opposition and consolidated his power, often through violent, illicit, or treacherous means. For example, in 142, because he was criticized by the lower-level official Zhang Gang, he intentionally made Zhang the governor of Guanglin Commandery, at that time overrun by agrarian rebels, believing that Zhang would surely be killed by these rebels. (However, Zhang was eventually able to convince these rebels to surrender, and governed the commandery with efficiency and honesty.)

As Grand Marshal under Emperors Chong and Zhi

Emperor Shun died in 144. His infant son Liu Bing, by Consort Yu, became emperor (as Emperor Chong), and Empress Liang became empress dowager and regent. Empress Dowager Liang appeared to be diligent in governing over the empire, and she trusted several key officials with integrity to advise her on important affairs. However, she also trusted her brother Liang Ji greatly, and Liang Ji used her position to further consolidate his own. However, she was willing to go against his advice on a number of occasions, and she, for example, protected the honest official Li Gu (李固) against Liang Ji's demands to execute Li, in 145.

In 145, the young Emperor Chong died, and in an effort to be open to people, Empress Dowager Liang announced his death openly immediately. She summoned the young emperor's third cousins Liu Suan, the Prince of Qinghe, and Liu Zuan, the son of Liu Hong the Prince of Le'an, to the capital Luoyang, to be examined as potential successors. Prince Suan was probably an adult, and was described as solemn and proper, and the key officials largely favored him. However, Liang Ji wanted a young emperor whom he could control, so he convinced Empress Dowager Liang to make the seven-year-old Liu Zuan emperor (as Emperor Zhi). Empress Dowager Liang continued to serve as regent.

In 146, after the young Emperor Zhi showed signs that he was already cognizant of Liang Ji's corruption and offended Liang Ji by openly calling him "an arrogant general," Liang Ji had him poisoned, apparently without Empress Dowager Liang's knowledge. The key officials again largely favored Prince Suan as successor, but Liang Ji again vetoed their wishes, and instead persuaded Empress Dowager Liang to make the 14-year-old Liu Zhi, the Marquess of Liwu, who was betrothed to Empress Dowager Liang and Liang Ji's sister Liang Nüying, emperor (as Emperor Huan). Empress Dowager Liang continued to serve as regent.

As Grand Marshal under Emperor Huan

It was really during Emperor Huan's reign that Liang Ji exercised near absolute power. He tried to ensure that power by also establishing relationships with Emperor Huan's trusted eunuchs, often presenting them with great gifts, but also making show of force to anyone (eunuchs or non-eunuch officials) that he could cause the death of anyone he wanted to kill. In 147, for example, in conjunction with eunuchs Tang Heng (唐衡) and Zuo Guan (左悺), he falsely accused Li Gu and Prince Suan of a conspiracy to start a military rebellion. Prince Suan was demoted to be Marquess of Weishi, and he committed suicide. Li, and another key official who opposed Liang Ji, Du Qiao (杜喬), were executed.

Also in 147, Emperor Huan married Liang Ji's sister Liang Nüying and created her empress.

In April 150, Empress Dowager Liang died, shortly after she announced that she was returning imperial powers to Emperor Huan. However, Liang Ji remained in effective control of the government—perhaps even more so than before, with his sister now no longer curbing his power. His wife Sun was created the Lady of Xiangcheng, with a march rivaling his own large one. Both of them built luxurious mansions with huge gardens in the rear, and collected innumerable precious items. Liang, further, forced commoners into slavery, and also falsely accused a large number of rich people of crimes, in order to execute them and confiscate their properties.

In 151, Liang made a critical error that nearly caused him great harm—he, in contravention to imperial regulations not to bring weapons into the imperial meeting hall, strided in with his sword. The imperial secretary Zhang Ling rebuked him and moved to impeach him, and while Liang, who was actually still in control of the government, was not impeached, he was greatly embarrassed and penalized by surrendering one year's worth of salary. Because Zhang had been recommended by his brother Liang Buyi, Liang Ji became suspicious of his brother and removed him as the mayor of Luoyang—giving that post to his own son, the 15-year-old Liang Yin (梁胤), who was utterly incompetent. Liang Ji further expelled Liang Buyi's friends out of the government.

Liang Ji, apparently unsatisfied with his nearly limitless position, took a number of actions that were directly analogous to what Wang Mang had done prior to his usurpation of the Han throne—including ordering officials to recommend to Emperor Huan to enlarge his march to be as large as the Duke of Zhou; to grant him special dispensation, unprecedented since Xiao He, to walk slowly into the imperial meeting hall, to carry his sword into the meeting hall, to keep his shoes on, and to have the master of ceremonies refer to him only by rank and title, not by name; to grant him rewards as great as those granted to Huo Guang; and for him to be seated above all other imperial officials. This brought expectation that Liang might be interested in usurping the throne eventually. All who dared to criticize him invited certain death.

Loss of power and death

In August 159, Liang Ji's younger sister Empress Liang Nüying died—which, oddly enough, set in motion a chain of events that would end Liang Ji's power. Liang, in order to continue to control Emperor Huan, had adopted his wife's beautiful cousin (a stepdaughter of her uncle Liang Ji (梁紀—note different character despite same pronunciation)), Deng Mengnü, as his own daughter, changing her family name to Liang. He and Sun gave Liang Mengnü to Emperor Huan as an imperial consort, and, after Empress Liang's death, hoped to have her eventually created empress. To completely control her, Liang Ji planned to have her mother, Lady Xuan (宣), killed, and in fact sent assassins against her, but the assassination was foiled by the powerful eunuch Yuan She (袁赦), a neighbor of Lady Xuan.

Lady Xuan reported the assassination attempt to Emperor Huan, who was greatly angered. He entered into a conspiracy with eunuchs Tang Heng, Zuo Guan, Shan Chao (單超), Xu Huang (徐璜), and Ju Yuan (具瑗) to overthrow Liang—sealing the oath by biting open Shan's arm and swearing by his blood. Liang Ji had some suspicions about what Emperor Huan and the eunuchs were up to, and he investigated. The five eunuchs quickly reacted. They had Emperor Huan openly announce that he was taking back power from Liang Ji and mobilize the imperial guards to guard the palace against a counterattack by Liang, and then surrounded Liang's house and forced him to surrender. Liang and Sun were unable to respond and committed suicide. The entire Liang and Sun clans (except for Liang Ji's brothers Liang Buyi and Liang Meng (梁蒙), who had already died) were arrested and slaughtered. A large number of officials were executed or deposed for close association with Liang—so many that the government was almost unable to function for some time. Liang and Sun's properties were confiscated by the imperial treasury, which allowed the taxes to be reduced by 50% for one year. The people greatly celebrated Liang Ji's death.