生平

黃公望曾任小吏，延拈二年（1315年）九月因張閭貪污事被牽連入獄，開釋後入了全真教出家，並與張三丰、莫月、冷謙等道友交往，隱居在常熟小山頭（今虞山西麓）。至正十四年（1354年）十月二十五日，在常熟逝世，葬虞山西麓。

身世之謎

黃公望，尊為「元四家」之首。由于成名時已是全真道士，浪跡江湖，所以即使是同時代的人，也沒有講清他的籍貫和逝世時間、地點。關于黃公望的籍貫，目前有著多個版本的說法，分別有杭州、松江、常熟、富陽、衢州、徽州、莆田和永嘉等說法：

• 元明間，黃公望的朋友常州人王逢認為黃公望是「杭人」，他在《題黃大癡山水》詩中寫道：「大癡名公望，字子久，杭人……」；

• 元朝鐘嗣成認為黃公望是松江人，他在《錄鬼簿》中寫道：「黃子久，名公望，松江人。」；

• 元代末年繪畫鑑藏和史論家夏文彥認為黃公望是常熟人，其在《圖繪寶鑑》裡寫明：「黃公望……平江常熟人。幼習神童，科通三教，旁曉諸藝，善畫山水。」；

• 同是夏文彥的《圖繪寶鑑》神州國光社本則認為黃公望是衢州人；

• 1461年成書的《明一統志》卷三十八：「黃公望，富陽人」，明凌迪知《萬姓統譜》也持富陽說，但明萬曆陳善《杭州府志》則又增加了「徽州人」的說法；

• 清朝乾隆年間的《大清一統志》卷五十九寫道：「黃公望，莆田人」，乾隆《婁縣誌》卷三十中也寫道：「……相傳莆田巨族，一雲常熟陸神童之弟。」

• 元末明初，黃岩陶宗義認為黃公望是永嘉人（今溫州市），他《輟耕錄》卷八《寫山水訣》裡寫道：「黃子久散人公望，自號大癡，又號一峰，本姓陸，世居平江常熟，繼永嘉黃氏」。

成就

黃公望學識淵博，工書法，通音律，能詩文，鐘嗣成說他：「公之學問，不在人下，天下之事，無所不知，薄技小藝亦不棄。」50歲才開始學繪畫，曾得到趙孟頫的指教，陶宗儀說他「畫山水宗董、巨」。黃公望自稱為「松雪齋中小學生」，重視寫生，常在風景名勝地隨筆摹寫，其水墨山水尤為出色，創立了淺絳山水，代表作為《富春山居圖》，鄒之麟在題跋中稱此圖「筆端變化鼓舞，右軍之蘭亭也，聖而神矣」其著作有《山水訣》是中國山水畫的重要理論著作。

黃公望和吳鎮、倪瓚、王蒙並稱為「元四大家」，「以黃公望為冠」，是元代的著名畫家，其中倪瓚和王蒙都曾向他請教過，他的畫風對宋代以來的畫法有創新，對明清的山水畫發展有很大影響。明代評論家王世貞評論說他的畫法「無筆不靈，無筆不趣，于宋法之外，又開生面。」山水畫于「大癡、黃鶴（王蒙）又一變也。」

傳世作品

• 富春山居圖

• 九珠峰翠圖，藏於台灣台北國立故宮博物院

• 溪山無盡圖，藏於台灣台北國立故宮博物院

• 巖壑幽居圖，藏於台灣台北國立故宮博物院

• 天池石壁圖，藏於中國北京故宮博物院

• 快雪時晴圖，藏於中國北京故宮博物院

• 九峰雪霽圖，藏於中國北京故宮博物院

• 丹崖雲樹圖，藏於中國北京故宮博物院

• 水閣清幽圖，藏於中國南京博物館

• 富春大嶺圖，藏於中國南京博物館

註釋

參考書目

• 趙琦美編《趙氏鐵網珊瑚》卷十四

Biography

At the age of 10, the Song dynasty fell to the Yuan dynasty and he, like many other Chinese scholars of the time, found his path to officialdom and a good career severely limited. "He was first an unranked ling-shih at a Surveillance Office in the Chiang-che Branch Secretariat (Province), probably engaged in some sort of land tax supervision. Later he served as a secretary in the metropolitan Censorate where he was unfortunately involved in the slander case of a minister, Chang Lu. He seems to have spent quite some time in jail before retreating into Taoism did many others of the age--another was the famous painter Ni Zan, completely disillusioned." He spent his last years in the Fu-ch'un mountains near Hangzhou devoting himself to Taoism, where around 1350 he completed one of his most famous, and arguably greatest, works, Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains.

In art he rejected the landscape conventions of his era's Academy, but is now regarded as one of the great literati painters. Art historian James Cahill identified Huang Gongwang as the artist who "most decisively altered the course of landscape painting, creating models that would have a profound effect on landscapists of later centuries." One of Huang Gongwang's strongest influences was his technique of using very dry brush strokes together with light ink washes (when colour is applied to a specific area using a soft-haired brush with wide strokes that blend them together into a unified wash) to build up his landscape paintings. He also wrote a treatise on landscape painting, Secrets of Landscape Painting (, Xiě Shānshuǐ Jué).

As was typical for Chinese scholar-officials of his era, he also wrote poetry and had some talent for music.