生平

陳壽少時勤學，曾拜譙周為師，當時同儕將陳壽、李密比喻為子游、子夏，文立比喻為顏回，羅憲比喻為子貢。他研讀《尚書》、《春秋》、《漢書》、《史記》等史書。後來擔任蜀漢的觀閣令史，因不願曲附權宦黃皓，所以屢遭譴黜。

公元263年蜀漢為曹魏所亡，265年司馬炎篡魏，改國號為晉。在羅憲的推薦下，晉之司空張華十分賞識陳壽的才華，舉其為孝廉，除佐著作郎，出補陽平令。

張華曾經將舉薦陳壽為中書郎，由於荀勗妒忌張華而對陳壽厭惡，計劃令吏部將陳壽遷任為長廣太守，陳壽以母親年老為由而推辭。杜預鎮守荊州前，再向晉武帝司馬炎推薦陳壽，因此陳壽被授任御史治書。

陳壽母親死後，照著其遺囑安葬在洛陽，反遭到爭議貶職。譙周曾對陳壽說過：「你必定會以才學成名，不過在仕途上會受到詆毀挫折，這可能不是你的不幸，需要多加慎重。」之後陳壽再受到譙周的貶職預言。幾年後，被任職為太子中庶子而沒應職。

王崇、壽良、李密、陳壽、李驤、杜烈一同入京都洛陽，被稱為是梁、益二州有代表性的俊傑。壽良、李密、陳壽、李驤、杜烈五人雖然交情甚好但最終都疏遠陌生了，後陳壽、壽良和李驤互相誣衊攻擊，因此李驤被有識之士批評，三人都被李密亦公允地評價得失並且嚴厲批評。只有王崇一人憑著寬厚和順的性格，不分彼此，對待五人一視同仁，一直保持著深厚的友誼。

在此期間，陳壽編撰了《蜀相諸葛亮集》上奏朝廷，因此功而除著作郎，領本郡中正。陳壽之後致力於編寫魏吳蜀的歷史，遂成《三國志》，共六十五篇，在當時即為人稱頌。

陳壽曾撰《益部耆舊傳》十篇。文立向朝廷呈獻此書，受到司馬炎嘉獎。他去世後，梁州大中正尚書郎范頵上書給皇帝，稱讚陳壽的《三國志》一書「辭多勸誡，明乎得失，有益風化」，而請求派人採錄，令陳壽的《三國志》因此得而流傳於世。

親屬

侄子

• 陳符，字長信，有文才，入晉後接替陳壽成為著作佐郎。

• 陳蒞，字叔度，入晉後擔任梁州別駕。

評價

時人評價

• 譙周：「卿必以才學成名，當被損折，亦非不幸也。宜深慎之。」

正面

據《晉書》記載，陳壽《三國志》的成就在當時就已得到很高的評價，同時期夏侯湛也著有《魏書》，但看了陳壽的《三國志》後便自嘆不如，而銷毀自己的作品。陳壽的同僚張華更對其讚譽有加，說：「應該把本朝歷史的編纂大任也交給陳壽。」

後世，南朝梁的劉勰在《文心雕龍·史傳》也認為：「唯陳壽三志，文質辨洽，荀、張比之於遷、固，非妄譽也。」

陳壽對於史料的取捨選擇比較審慎謹嚴，文字也以簡潔見長。陳壽在《三國志》中不僅記錄了三國時期在政治、經濟、軍事方面的情況，以及對文學、藝術、科技等方面作出貢獻的人，同時還記錄了當時國內少數民族和鄰國的歷史，例如《魏志·倭人傳》就是日本古代歷史的重要史料之一。

負面

不過對於陳壽的史家中立性也有批評的聲音。據《晉書》記載，當時傳聞陳壽曾向丁儀、丁廙的兒子索取立傳費，說：「可覓千斛米見與，當為尊公作佳傳。」結果被拒絕後，陳壽竟然就不為享有高名的丁氏二人立傳。據《三國志·魏書·任城陳蕭王傳》記載，陳壽出生前13年（220年）丁氏兄弟和全家男性均已被曹丕所殺，根本無後代。如採信此說法，則晉書的記載為謠言。但由於陳壽是《三國志》作者，所以此說法不能作為確切依據。也有人根據據信為丁儀遺孀所作的《寡婦賦》「抱弱子以自慰」一語，認為丁氏兄弟雖然被殺，但並未禍及男嗣。此說也存疑，因《寡婦賦》未必為丁儀遺孀所作，描述的也未必是丁儀的遺孀。潘眉《三國志考証》指出丁儀、丁廙並非高官也無大功，又奪嫡不成，是曹魏罪人，才是不得立傳的原因。王鳴盛《十七史商榷》：「丁儀、丁廙巧佞之猶，安得立傳？」朱彞尊也指出：「（陳）壽于魏文士，惟為王粲、衛覬等五人立傳，粲取其興造制度，覬取其多識典故，若徐幹、陳琳、阮瑀、應瑒、劉楨，僅于《粲傳》附書。彼丁儀、丁廙何獨當立傳乎？造此謗者，亦未明壽作史之大凡矣。」指丁氏兄弟之事跡鮮有可說，故不立傳。

然而陳壽作史的時間畢竟離三國時代的開始已有近一百年，加上是亂世，傳記中存有謬誤乃至對先人進行誇大的成分難以避免。加上中國以史書作為寓言的習慣，《三國志》是有一定故事性的，如同史記，不能把每篇傳記都當做全然的歷史紀實來看。

動漫作品

• 《火鳳燎原》（陳某）:尚未登場，設定父親為陳式，曾言：他日有兒，取名為壽。

Historical sources on Chen Shous life

There are two biographies of Chen Shou. The first one is in the Book of Jin, which was written by Fang Xuanling and others in the seventh century during the Tang dynasty. The second one is in the Chronicles of Huayang, which was written by Chang Qu in the fourth century during the Eastern Jin dynasty.

Life

He started his career as an official in the state of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era but was demoted and sent out of the capital for his refusal to fawn on Huang Hao, an influential court eunuch in Shu in its twilight years. After the fall of Shu in 263, Chen Shou's career entered a period of stagnation before Zhang Hua recommended him to serve in the Jin government. He held mainly scribal and secretarial positions under the Jin government before dying from illness in 297. He had over 200 writings – about 30 of which he co-wrote with his relatives – attributed to him.

Early life and career in Shu Han

Chen Shou was from Anhan County (安漢縣), Baxi Commandery (巴西郡), which is in present-day Nanchong, Sichuan. He was known for being studious since he was young and was described as intelligent, insightful and knowledgeable. He was mentored by the Shu official Qiao Zhou, who was also from Baxi Commandery. Under Qiao Zhou's tutelage, he read the Classic of History and Three Commentaries on the Spring and Autumn Annals. He was very well versed in the Records of the Grand Historian and Book of Han.

According to the Jin Shu, Chen Shou served as a (觀閣令史; a clerk) in Shu. However, the Huayang Guozhi mentioned that he held the following appointments consecutively: Registrar (主簿) of the General of the Guards (衛將軍); donguan mishu lang (東觀秘書郎; an official librarian); Gentleman of Scattered Cavalry (散騎侍郎); and Gentleman of the Yellow Gate (黃門侍郎). In the final years of Shu ( 250s–260s), many officials fawned on Huang Hao, an influential court eunuch, in their bid to win his favour. Chen Shou's refusal to engage in such flattering and obsequious behaviour took a toll on his career: He was demoted on several occasions and sent out of the Shu capital, Chengdu.

Career in Jin dynasty

After the fall of Shu in 263, Chen Shou's career entered a period of stagnation until Zhang Hua recommended him to serve in the government of the Jin dynasty. Zhang Hua appreciated Chen Shou's talent and felt that even though Chen did not have an untarnished reputation, he did not deserve to be demoted and dismissed while he was in Shu. Chen Shou was recommended as a xiaolian (civil service candidate), and appointed as a zuo zhuzuo lang (佐著作郎; an assistant scribe) and the acting Prefect (令) of Yangping County (陽平縣). In 274, he collected and compiled the writings of Zhuge Liang, the first chancellor of Shu, and submitted them to the Jin imperial court. He was promoted to zhuzuo lang (著作郎; a scribe) and appointed as the zhongzheng (中正) of Baxi Commandery. The Huayang Guozhi mentioned that he also served as the Chancellor (相) to the Marquis of Pingyang (平陽侯).

When Zhang Hua recommended Chen Shou to serve as a Gentleman Palace Writer (中書郎), the Ministry of Personnel appointed Chen Shou as the Administrator (太守) of Changguang Commandery (長廣郡) instead on the recommendation of Xun Xu. The Jin Shu mentioned that Xun Xu detested Zhang Hua and disliked Chen Shou for his association with Zhang Hua, so he urged the Ministry of Personnel to reassign Chen Shou to another position. Chen Shou declined the appointment on the grounds that he had to look after his elderly mother. The Huayang Guozhi gave a different account of Chen Shou's relationship with Xun Xu. It stated that Xun Xu and Zhang Hua were very pleased with Chen Shou's Sanguozhi and they remarked that Chen Shou surpassed Ban Gu and Sima Qian. However, later, Xun Xu was displeased by the Wei Shu – one of the three sections in the Sanguozhi – and did not want Chen Shou to work in the same office as him, so he had Chen Shou reassigned to be the Administrator of Changguang.

In 278, before the general Du Yu assumed his appointment as the commander of the Jin military forces in Jing Province, he recommended Chen Shou to Emperor Wu and stated that Chen Shou was capable of serving as a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate (黃門侍郎) or Gentleman of Scattered Cavalry (散騎侍郎). Emperor Wu accepted Du Yu's suggestion and appointed Chen Shou as a yushi zhishu (御史治書; an auditor).

The Jin Shu mentioned that Chen Shou took a leave of absence when his mother died, and he fulfilled her dying wish to be buried in Luoyang. However, he ended up being castigated and demoted because his act of burying his mother in Luoyang – instead of in his hometown in Anhan County – was a violation of the proprieties of his time. The Huayang Guozhi gave a varying account of the events: It was Chen Shou's stepmother (not his biological mother) who died. She did not want to be buried together with his father (in Anhan County), so Chen Shou buried her in Luoyang.

Later years

According to the Jin Shu, many years after his demotion, Chen Shou was appointed as a zhongshuzi (中庶子; an aide) to the crown prince Sima Yu, but he did not assume his role. He died of illness at the age of 65 (by East Asian age reckoning) in 297 during the reign of Emperor Hui.

The Huayang Guozhi gave a different account of the events before Chen Shou's death. It stated that Chen Shou was appointed as a zhongshuzi to Sima Yu, but was reassigned to be a Regular Mounted Attendant (散騎常侍) again after the crown prince was deposed in 299. Emperor Hui told Zhang Hua, "(Chen) Shou possesses genuine talent. He should not remain in his current appointment for long." Zhang Hua wanted to nominate Chen Shou to take up one of the posts of the Nine Ministers (九卿), but lost his life in 300 CE during the War of the Eight Princes. Chen Shou died in Luoyang later. His talents and achievements were not reflected in his status at the time of his death and many people felt that it was an injustice to him. The Huayang Guozhi account apparently suggests that Chen Shou died in 300 CE or after, which did not match his year of death mentioned in the Jin Shu account.

Sanguozhi

Sometime in the third century after 280, Chen Shou wrote his magnum opus: the 65-volume Sanguozhi (Records of the Three Kingdoms), which records the history of the late Eastern Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. The text was divided into three sections – Book of Wei (魏书), Book of Shu (蜀书) and Book of Wu (吴书) – and was composed of mainly biographies of notable persons in those eras.

Chen Shou received acclaim from his contemporaries for his work and was praised as an excellent historian. Around the time, another historian, Xiahou Zhan (夏侯湛), was writing the Book of Wei (魏書; Wei Shu), which recorded the history of Wei in the Three Kingdoms era. He destroyed his work after reading Chen Shou's Sanguozhi. Zhang Hua was so deeply impressed with the Sanguozhi that he told Chen Shou, "We should entrust the responsibility of writing the Book of Jin to you." Chen Shou was highly regarded as such after he wrote the Sanguozhi.

Controversies

Despite his achievements, Chen Shou faced false accusations and other controversies. The Jin Shu mentioned two controversies surrounding Chen Shou and his writing of the Sanguozhi. His critics used them to disparage him.

Extorting grain

The first one was about Chen Shou attempting to extort 1,000 hu of grain from the sons of Ding Yi (丁儀) and his younger brother Ding Yi (丁廙) – two officials in Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. He promised them that he would write biographies for their fathers in the Sanguozhi if they gave him the grain, but they refused, so he did not write the biographies. However, the Jin Shu prefaced the anecdote with the term huoyun(或云), which meant "rumours".

The Qing dynasty writer Pan Mei (潘眉) rebutted the Jin Shu's account about Chen Shou attempting to extort from the Dings and called it "uninformed". He disproved the claim that the Ding brothers were very famous officials in Wei by pointing out that they had neither held important appointments nor made any significant achievements. Pan also felt that a historian was clearly justified if he decided to not write biographies for the Ding brothers, because, in his opinion, the Dings had committed grievous sins – instigating sibling rivalry and causing instability in the Wei imperial clan – which made them unworthy of having biographies in historical records. Pan further noted that there were also other notable persons in Wei (e.g. Chen Lin, Wu Zhi and Yang Xiu) who did not have biographies in the Sanguozhi, so being notable did not mean that a person should have a biography written for him. His concluding remarks on this issue were that the Jin Shu made a malicious claim (about Chen Shou).

Bias

The second one suggested that Chen Shou held personal grudges against the Shu chancellor Zhuge Liang and his son Zhuge Zhan, hence he wrote negative comments about them in the Sanguozhi. Chen Shou's father was a military adviser to the Shu general Ma Su. When Ma Su was executed by Zhuge Liang after his failure at the Battle of Jieting in 228, Chen Shou's father was implicated and sentenced to kun (髡), a punishment involving the shaving of a person's head. Zhuge Zhan belittled Chen Shou before. When Chen Shou wrote the biographies of Zhuge Liang and Zhuge Zhan in the Sanguozhi, he commented on them as follows: Military leadership was not Zhuge Liang's forte, and he lacked the resourcefulness of a brilliant military leader; Zhuge Zhan excelled only in literary arts, and he had an exaggerated reputation.

The Qing dynasty writer Zhao Yi refuted the Jin Shu claim that Chen Shou was prejudiced against Zhuge Liang in the Sanguozhi, and remarked that the claim was "an uninformed statement". He commented that military leadership did not necessarily had to be regarded as Zhuge Liang's forte because Zhuge also made outstanding achievements in other fields. Zhao also pointed out two pieces of evidence which contradict the Jin Shu claim: Chen Shou gave highly positive comments about Zhuge Liang's ability as a politician in the Zhuge Liang Collection and in his personal commentary at the end of Zhuge's biography in the Sanguozhi. Zhao Yi's concluding remarks on this issue were that Chen Shou had clearly identified Zhuge Liang's strengths and weaknesses in his appraisal of Zhuge Liang in the Sanguozhi.

Other works

According to the Jin Shu, Chen Shou collected and compiled the writings of Zhuge Liang during his early career under the Jin dynasty. The compiled text was called Shu Xiang Zhuge Liang Ji (蜀相諸葛亮集; Collection of the Shu Chancellor Zhuge Liang). The Huayang Guozhi mentioned that later on, Zhang Hua proposed to Emperor Wu to let Chen Shou revise the original text. At the time, Chen Shou had collected more information on Zhuge Liang's works and he rewrote the text, which became the 24-volume Zhuge Liang Gushi (諸葛亮故事; Stories of Zhuge Liang).

Since the end of the Jianwu era (25–56 CE) in the Eastern Han dynasty, writers such as Zheng Boyi (鄭伯邑), Zhao Yanxin (趙彥信), Chen Shenbo (陳申伯), Zhu Yuanling (祝元靈) and Wang Wenbiao (王文表) had co-written the Bashu Qijiu Zhuan (巴蜀耆舊傳; Biographies of Famous People from Bashu). Chen Shou felt that the Bashu Qijiu Zhuan was not comprehensive enough, so he expanded it to the 10-volume Yibu Qijiu Zhuan (益部耆舊傳; Biographies of Famous People from Yi Province). His work was presented by the official (文立) to Emperor Wu, who praised it.

Other writings by Chen Shou include: the 50-volume Gu Guo Zhi (古國志; Records of Ancient States), which received high praise; the 7-volume Guansi Lun (官司論; Dissertation on Bureaucracy), which used historical examples to discuss reforms; Shi Yi (釋諱; Explaining Taboos); Guang Guo Lun (廣國論).

Family and relatives

Chen Fu (陳符), whose courtesy name was Changxin (長信), was the son of Chen Shou's elder brother. He was also known for his literary talent and he succeeded his uncle as an Assistant Gentleman of Writing. He also served as the Prefect (令) of Shanglian County (上廉縣).

Chen Fu's younger brother, Chen Li (陳蒞), whose courtesy name was Shudu (叔度), served as an Attendant Officer (別駕) in Liang Province and later under Sima You, the Prince of Qi (齊王) and General of Agile Cavalry (驃騎將軍). He also died in Luoyang.

Chen Li had a younger relative, Chen Jie (陳階), whose courtesy name was Dazhi (達之). Chen Jie assumed the following appointments: Registrar (主簿) of the governor of Yi Province; baozhongling (褒中令); West Commandant (西部都尉) of Yongchang Commandery (永昌郡); Administrator (太守) of Jianning (建寧) and Xinggu (興古) commanderies. Chen Jie was also well known for his literary talent.

Chen Fu, Chen Li and Chen Jie each wrote more than 10 works out of the over 200 writings attributed to Chen Shou.

Anecdotes

Filial mourning period

The Jin Shu mentioned that Chen Shou fell sick during the filial mourning period after his father's death. Some guests who visited his home expressed disapproval when they saw him being served medicine by his servants, because he was expected to lead an austere life during that period. His fellow townsfolk criticised him when they heard about it.

Huayang Guozhi

According to the Huayang Guozhi, Chen Shou was a close friend of Li Xiang (李驤), courtesy name was Shulong (叔龍), from Zitong Commandery (梓潼郡). He was recommended as a xiucai (秀才) and served as a Gentleman of Writing (尚書郎). He was reassigned to be the Administrator (太守) of Jianping Commandery (建平郡), but he declined the appointment and claimed that he was ill because he wanted to remain in Zitong. He was then appointed as the Administrator of Guanghan Commandery (廣漢郡 around present-day Guanghan, Sichuan). Relations between Chen Shou and Li Xiang deteriorated later, and they started making false accusations against each other. Other officials scorned them for their petty quarrels.

Qiao Zhous advice to Chen Shou

According to the Jin Shu, Chen Shou's mentor, Qiao Zhou, often told Chen, "You'll become famous for your talent. However, it might not be a misfortune if you encounter any setback. You should be more mindful about what you do." Fang Xuanling remarked that Chen Shou's experiences – being demoted and humiliated when he was in Shu, and again while he was serving under the Jin dynasty – fitted what Qiao Zhou said about him.

Legacy

After Chen Shou's death, the official Fan Jun (范頵) and others wrote a memorial to Emperor Hui: "In the past, Emperor Wu of Han issued an imperial decree: 'Sima Xiangru is critically ill. Retrieve his writings.' The emissary who collected Sima Xiangru's writings told Emperor Wu about the fengshan ceremonies, which were mentioned in Sima's writings. The emperor was very surprised. We, Your Majesty's subjects, propose: The late zhishu shi yushi Chen Shou wrote the Sanguozhi, which contains good advice and evaluates successes and failures. It is beneficial to promoting culture. Even though its writing style is not comparable to the works of (Sima) Xiangru, its message is simpler and clearer. We hope that it can be collected and reproduced." Emperor Hui approved and issued an imperial decree ordering the Intendant of Henan (河南尹) and Prefect of Luoyang (洛陽令) to send scribes to Chen Shou's house and copy the Sanguozhi.

In the fifth century, Emperor Wen of the Liu Song dynasty felt that Chen Shou's Sanguozhi was too short and not comprehensive enough, so he commissioned Pei Songzhi to annotate the Sanguozhi. Pei Songzhi completed his assignment in 429. He included new materials he collected through research, and added his personal commentary. Pei Songzhi's annotations increased the length of the Sanguozhi to nearly twice its original.

Wanjuanlou

The Wanjuanlou (t Wànjuànlóu, literally tower of 10,000 volumes of writings) – a tourist attraction in the Xishan Scenic Spot, Shunqing District, Nanchong, Sichuan – is named the source of the culture of the Three Kingdoms period by the Sichuan provincial government. The tower was constructed in the early third century (222–237) during the Three Kingdoms era. It was also the place where Chen Shou studied in his early life. It was destroyed in the 1960s after years of neglect, but was rebuilt in 1990 by the Chinese government at a cost of four million yuan.

The present tower, which covers an area of 2,400 square metres, consists of three main attractions – the Reading Tower of Chen Shou, the Chen Shou Memorial Hall, and Collecting Books Tower. The tower has on display a collection of writings, illustrations, objects and photographs related to Chen Shou's life, his works and his legacy.