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| Scope: Shang Jun Shu Request type: Paragraph |
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《商君書 - Shang Jun Shu》 | [Warring States (475 BC - 221 BC)] English translation: J. J. L. Duyvendak [?] | Books referencing 《商君書》 Library Resources Source Related resources |
《來民 - Encouragement of Immigration》 | English translation: J. J. L. Duyvendak [?] | Library Resources |
| 7 | 來民: | 且周軍之勝，華軍之勝，長平之勝，秦所亡民者幾何，民客之兵不得事本者幾何，臣竊以為不可數矣。假使王之群臣，有能用之，費此之半，弱晉強秦，若三戰之勝者，王必加大賞焉。今臣之所言，民無一日之繇，官無數錢之費，其弱晉強秦有過三戰之勝；而王猶以為不可，則臣愚不能知已。 |
| Encouragement of Immigration:...: | Further, in the victories in the Zhou and Hua battles, or in that at Ch'ang-p'ing, how many people did Qin lose, and how many soldiers, both of the people and of the foreign inhabitants, were unable to occupy themselves with primary affairs? I venture to think that they were innumerable. Suppose amongst Your Majesty's ministers there should be one able, with a half of these losses, to weaken Jin and to strengthen Qin as much as by the victories in these three battles, then would Your Majesty, no doubt, grant him big rewards. Now, by the method which I propose, the people would not have a single day's scutage nor would the officials have the expense of great sums of money, while Jin would be weakened and Qin strengthened more than by three battles; but if Your Majesty still does not approve, then Your servant is too stupid to understand it. |
《境內 - Within the Borders》 | English translation: J. J. L. Duyvendak [?] | Books referencing 《境內》 Library Resources |
| 5 | 境內: | 其攻城圍邑也，國司空訾其城之廣厚之數；國尉分地以徒校分積尺而攻之，為期曰：「先已者，當為最啟；後已者，訾為最殿；再訾則廢。」穴通則積薪，積薪則燔柱。陷隊之士，面十八人。陷隊之士知疾鬥，得斬首隊五人，則陷隊之士，人賜爵一級。死，則一人後；不能死之，千人環睹，黥劓於城下。國尉分地，以中卒隨之。將軍為木臺，與國正監，與王御史，參望之。其先入者，舉為最啟；其後入者，舉為最殿。其陷隊也，盡其幾者；幾者不足，乃以次級益之。 |
| Within the Borders: | In attacking a city or besieging a town, the minister of public works of the state examines critically the size and resources of that city. The guo-wei assigns the places, dividing the area according to the number of tu and xiao officers for the attack, and he sets them a time-limit, saying: 'Those who are first will be rewarded as the vanguard and those who hold back will be reprimanded, as being in the rear, and on a second reprimand will be dismissed.' They dig out subterranean passages and pile up fuel; when the fuel has been piled up they set fire to the beams. From the corps of sappers, on each side of the town, there are eighteen men. The soldiers from the corps of sappers, if they know how to fight fiercely, although they cannot capture the heads of any men in the ranks, are rewarded with one degree for each man; for every one man that is killed, freedom from taxes is given, and for every one man that cannot fight to the death, ten are torn to pieces by chariots. Those who make critical remarks are branded or their noses are sliced off under the city wall. The guo-wei, in assigning their various places to all, cause the several detachments to be followed by zhong-zu. The general erects a wooden platform, wherefrom, together with the Chief Supervisor of the state and the Chief Secretary, he watches (the battle). Those who enter first are rewarded as men of the vanguard, and those who enter last are treated as men of the rearguard; as to the corps of sappers, the utmost use is made of their few men; if these few men are not sufficient, they are supplemented by those who are anxious to receive a rank. |
《外內 - External and Internal Affairs》 | English translation: J. J. L. Duyvendak [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 外內: | 民之外事，莫難於戰，故輕法不可以備之。奚謂輕法？其賞少而威薄，淫道不塞之謂也。何謂淫道？為辯知者貴，游宦者任，文學私名顯之謂也。三者不塞，則民不戰而事失矣。故其賞少，則聽者無利也；威薄，則犯者無害也。故開淫道以誘之。而以輕法戰之，是謂設鼠而餌以狸也，亦不幾乎！故欲戰其民者，必以重法；賞則必多，威則必嚴；淫道必塞；為辯知者。不貴，游宦者不任，文學私名不顯。賞多威嚴，民見戰賞之多則忘死，見不戰之辱則苦生。賞使之忘死，而威備之苦生，而淫道又塞，以此遇敵，是以百石之弩射飄葉也，何不陷之有哉？ |
| External and Internal Affairs:...: | Of the external affairs of the people, there is nothing more difficult than warfare, so an easy law cannot bring them to it. What is called an easy law? It is when rewards are few and authority weak, and when depraved doctrines are not obstructed. What are called depraved doctrines? They are when sophistry and knowledge are valued, when itinerant politicians receive office, and when scholarship and private reputations are in evidence. When these three are not barred, then people will not fight and affairs fail. For when rewards are few, then there is no advantage in obedience; when authority is weak, then there is no harm in transgression. Therefore depraved doctrines are started in order to mislead the people, and to make them fight while the law is easy, is like setting a cat to bait a rat. Is that not impossible? Therefore, he who desires to make his people fight, sees to it that the law is severe; consequently rewards will be numerous, authority will be strict, depraved doctrines will be obstructed, those engaged in sophistry and knowledge will not be honoured, itinerant politicians will not be employed in office, scholarship and private reputations will not be in evidence. If rewards are numerous and authority strict, then people, seeing that in war rewards are many, will forget the danger of death, and seeing their degradation when there is no war, will find life hard. When rewards make them forget the danger of death and strict authority causes them to find life hard, and moreover, depraved doctrines are barred, in this manner meeting the enemy would be like shooting, with a crossbow of a hundred piculs' capacity, a floating leaf. How would it be possible for it not to perish? |
《定分 - Fixing of Rights and Duties》 | English translation: J. J. L. Duyvendak [?] | Books referencing 《定分》 Library Resources |
| 4 | 定分: | 法令者，民之命也，為治之本也，所以備民也。為治而去法令，猶欲無饑而去食也，欲無寒而去衣也，欲東西行也，其不幾亦明矣。一兔走，百人逐之，非以兔也。夫賣者滿市，而盜不敢取，由名分已定也。故名分未定，堯舜禹湯且皆如騖焉而逐之；名分已定，貪盜不取。今法令不明，其名不定，天下之人得議之，其議人異而無定。人主為法於上，下民議之於下，是法令不定，以下為上也。此所謂名分之不定也。夫名分不定，堯舜猶將皆折而姦之，而況眾人乎？此令姦惡大起，人主奪威勢，亡國滅社稷之道也。 |
| Fixing of Rights and...: | Law is the authoritative principle for the people, and is the basis of government; it is what shapes the people. Trying to govern while eliminating the law is like a desire not to be hungry while eliminating food, or a desire not to be cold while eliminating clothes, or a desire to go east while one moves west. It is clear enough that there is no hope of realizing it. That a hundred men will chase after a single hare that runs away, is not for the sake of the hare; for when they are sold everywhere on the market, even a thief does not dare to take one away, because their legal title is definite. Thus if the legal title is not definite, then even men like Yao, Shun, Yu or Tang would all rush to chase after it, but if the legal title is definite even a poor thief would not take it. Now if laws and mandates are not clear, nor their titles definite, the men of the empire have opportunities for discussion; in their discussions they will differ and there will be no definiteness. If above the ruler of men makes laws, but below the inferior people discuss them, the laws will not be definite and inferiors will become superiors. This may be called a condition where rights and duties are indefinite. When rights and duties are indefinite, even men like Yao and Shun will become crooked and commit acts of wickedness, how much more then the mass of the people ! This is the way in which wickedness and wrong-doing will be greatly stimulated, the ruler of men will be despoiled of his authority and power, will ruin his country and bring disaster upon the altar of the soil and grain. |
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